Black Rod

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The ceremonial rod used by the Black Rod of New Zealand NZ-Black-rod-3.jpg
The ceremonial rod used by the Black Rod of New Zealand

The Gentleman or Lady Usher of the Black Rod, often shortened to Black Rod, is a senior parliamentary officer similar to a serjeant-at-arms, responsible for ceremonial protocol and maintaining order within a legislative chamber. The role originated in the House of Lords of the Parliament of England during the 14th century and was exported to the upper houses of other Westminster system legislatures. Besides the British House of Lords, the office now exists in Australia's federal and state upper houses, in Canada's federal upper house and some unicameral provincial houses, and for ceremonial purposes in New Zealand and the Cook Islands. The position is named after the staff of office carried by the official, a black rod. The Gentleman/Lady Usher often has a deputy called the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod.

Contents

Origin

The office was created in 1350 by royal letters patent, though the current title dates from 1522. The position was adopted by other members of the Commonwealth when they adopted the British Westminster system. The title is derived from the staff of office, an ebony staff topped with a golden lion, which is the main symbol of the office's authority.

A ceremonial rod or staff is a common symbol indicating the authority of the office holder. Depictions of ancient authority figures in many cultures include such a rod (alternatively called a sceptre). Another early example is the fasces (a bound bundle of rods) carried by guards ("lictors") who accompanied high-level officials in the Roman Republic and later Empire.

By country

Ushers of the Black Rod are typically responsible for arresting any senator or intruder who disrupts the proceedings.

United Kingdom

Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod
House of Lords logo 2020.svg
Mgeddavis.jpg
since 8 July 2025
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Reports to Clerk of the Parliaments
Appointer The Crown (de jure)
Clerk of the Parliaments (de facto)
Formation1350
First holderWalter Whitehorse (known)
DeputyYeoman Usher of the Black Rod
Website Parliamentary information page

Appointment

Black Rod is formally appointed by the Crown based on a recruitment search performed by the Clerk of the Parliaments (who is the employer of all House of Lords officials).[ citation needed ] As well as being an officer of the House of Lords, Black Rod is an officer of the Order of the Garter; he (or she) is appointed by letters patent under the Garter Seal. [1] Black Rod also acts as Secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain by virtue of which he or she oversees certain ceremonial arrangements and day-to-day management of the Royal parts of the Palace of Westminster. Black Rod also holds the office of Serjeant-at-Arms, to which he or she is separately appointed by letters patent under the Great Seal; it is in this capacity that Black Rod attends upon the Lord Speaker. [1]

Black Rod's deputy is the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod and Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms. [2]

Since 8 July 2025, the post of Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod has been held by Lieutenant General Edward Davis; [3] he is the first Royal Marine to hold the post.

Official duties

Black Rod is principally responsible for controlling access to and maintaining order within the House of Lords and its precincts, [4] as well as for ceremonial events within those precincts. Previous responsibilities for security, and the buildings and services of the Palace of Westminster, have been passed, respectively, to the Parliamentary Security Director (as of the post's creation in January 2016) and Lords Director of Facilities (as of that post's creation and the retirement of the then-Black Rod in May 2009). [5]

Black Rod's official duties also include responsibility as the usher and doorkeeper at meetings of the Most Noble Order of the Garter; the personal attendant of the Sovereign in the Lords; as secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain and as the Serjeant-at-Arms and Keeper of the Doors of the House, in charge of the admission of strangers to the House of Lords. Either Black Rod or their deputy, the Yeoman Usher, is required to be present when the House of Lords, the upper house of Parliament, is in session, and plays a role in the introduction of all new Lords Temporal in the House (but not of bishops as new Lords Spiritual). Black Rod also arrests any Lord guilty of breach of privilege or other Parliamentary offence, such as contempt or disorder, or the disturbance of the House's proceedings. Their equivalent in the House of Commons is the Serjeant at Arms.

Former Black Rod David Leakey said that 30% of his work as Black Rod was within or for the House of Commons. [6]

Black Rod, along with their deputy, is responsible for organising ceremonial events within the Palace of Westminster, providing leadership in guiding the significant logistics of running such events.

Ceremonial duties

Mace

Black Rod is in theory responsible for carrying the Mace into and out of the chamber for the Speaker of the House of Lords (formerly the Lord Chancellor, now the Lord Speaker), though this role is delegated to the Yeoman Usher and Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms, or on judicial occasions, to the Lord Speaker's deputy, the Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms.[ citation needed ]

State Opening of Parliament
Sarah Clarke, Lady Usher of the Black Rod, knocks on the door to the House of Commons at the 2024 State Opening. Black Rod knocks (close) (SO'24).jpg
Sarah Clarke, Lady Usher of the Black Rod, knocks on the door to the House of Commons at the 2024 State Opening.

Black Rod is best known for their part in the ceremonies surrounding the State Opening of Parliament and the Speech from the throne. Black Rod summons the Commons to attend the speech and leads them to the Lords. As part of the ritual, the doors to the chamber of the House of Commons are slammed in the approaching Black Rod's face. This is to symbolise the Commons' independence of the Sovereign. Black Rod then strikes the door three times with their staff, and is then admitted and issues the summons of the monarch to attend. [7]

This ritual also happens whenever the Lords have a commission to be read and Black Rod summons MPs to hear it. For example, on Tuesday 17 December 2019 this ritual happened twice. [8]

This ritual is derived from the attempt by Charles I to arrest Five Members in 1642, in what was seen as a breach of the constitution. This and prior actions of the King led to the Civil War. After that incident, the House of Commons has maintained its right to question the right of the monarch's representatives to enter their chamber, although they cannot bar them from entering with lawful authority.

List of Black Rods in England, Great Britain and the UK from 1361

This list is derived from one published by the Parliamentary Archives in 2011, with alterations from later research. [9]

  • c.1361–1387: Walter Whitehorse
  • 1387–1399: John Cray
  • 1399–1410: Thomas Sy
  • 1410–1413: John Sheffield
  • 1413–1415: John Athelbrigg
  • 1415–1418: William Hargroave
  • 1418–1423: John Clifford
  • 1423–1428: John Carsons
  • 1428–1459: William Pope
  • 1438–1459: Robert Manfield (joint)
  • 1459–1461: John Penycok
  • 1461–1471: Vacant ?
  • 1471–1485: William Evington
  • 1483–1485: Edward Hardgill (joint)
  • 1485–1489: Robert Marleton
  • 1489–1513: Ralph Assheton
  • 1495–30 December 1511: Hugh Denys (jointly with Assheton until Denys's death) [10]
  • 1513–1526: Sir William Compton
  • 1526–1536: Henry Norreys
  • 1536–1543: Anthony Knyvett
  • 1543–1554: Sir Philip Hoby
  • 1554–1565: John Norreys
  • 1554–1591: Sir William Norreys (joint)
  • 1591–1593: Anthony Wingfield (d. 1593)
  • 1593–1598: Simon Bowyer
  • 1598–1620: Richard Coningsby
  • 1605–1620: George Pollard (joint)
  • 1620–1642: James Maxwell [11]
  • 1642–1649: Alexander Thayne (as recognised by Parliament); jointly with James Maxwell until c. 1646. The Lords was abolished in 1649 and Thayne made a claim to the title at the Restoration in 1661, but was denied. [11]
  • 2 March 1645 – 1661: Peter Newton (as recognised by the Royalists; Edward Ellis discharged the duties in 1642 and Newton in 1644, but neither seems to have been formally appointed at the time. [11] )
  • 1671–1675: Sir John Ayton [12]
  • 1671–1683: Sir Edward Carteret [12]
  • 1683–25 April 1694: Sir Thomas Duppa [12]
  • 1694–25 August 1698: Sir Fleetwood Sheppard
  • 5 December 1698 – 1 June 1710: Admiral Sir David Mitchell
  • 1710–1718: Sir William Oldes
  • 1718–1727: Sir William Sanderson, 1st Baronet
  • 1727–1747: Sir Charles Dalton
  • 1747–1760: Sir Henry Bellenden
  • 1760 – 6 September 1765: Sir Septimus Robinson
  • 1765 – 1812: Sir Francis Molyneux, 7th Baronet
  • 1812 – 25 July 1832: Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt
  • 25 July 1832 – 8 February 1877: Admiral Sir Augustus Clifford
  • 3 May 1877 – 23 June 1883: General Sir William Knollys
  • 24 July 1883 – 7 October 1895: Admiral Sir James Drummond
  • 16 December 1895 [13] – 23 July 1901: [14] General Sir Michael Biddulph
  • August 1904 – 16 December 1919: Admiral Sir Henry Stephenson
  • January 1920 – 14 May 1941: Lieutenant-General Sir William Pulteney
  • October 1941 – 15 August 1944: Air Chief Marshal Sir William Mitchell
  • January 1945 – 18 January 1949: Sir Vice-Admiral Geoffrey Blake
  • 18 January 1949 – 18 June 1963: Lieutenant-General Sir Brian Horrocks
  • 18 June 1963 – October 1970: Air Chief Marshal Sir George Mills
  • October 1970 – 18 January 1978: Admiral Sir Frank Twiss
  • 10 January 1978 – January 1985: Lieutenant-General Sir David House [15]
  • January 1985 – January 1992: Air Chief Marshal Sir John Gingell
  • January 1992 – 8 May 1995: Admiral Sir Richard Thomas
  • 9 May 1995 – 8 May 2001: General Sir Edward Jones
  • 9 May 2001 – 30 April 2009: Lieutenant-General Sir Michael Willcocks
  • 30 April 2009 – 28 October 2010: Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick Viggers
  • 21 December 2010 – 21 December 2017: Lieutenant-General David Leakey [16]
  • 12 February 2018 – 8 July 2025: Sarah Clarke [17]
  • 8 July 2025 – present: Lieutenant-General Edward Davis [18] [19]

List of Serjeants-at-Arms of the House of Lords

Technically the serjeant-at-arms was an officer of the Lord Chancellor (the former presiding officer of the House of Lords), rather than of the House of Lords. [20] He was appointed by the Sovereign "to be Serjeant-at-Arms in Ordinary to Her [or His] Majesty" and "to attend the Right Honourable the Lord Chancellor, Lord Keeper or Lord Commissioner for the Great Seal of the Realm for the time being". [21] He was appointed for life until 1713 and during good behaviour thereafter, originally receiving a daily remuneration and from 1806 an annual salary. The post was merged with that of Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod in 1962, [20] and with that of Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in 1971.

The following is a list of Serjeants-at-Arms to the Lord Chancellor since 1660:

Since 1971 the office of Serjeant at Arms has been held by the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod.

Devolved assemblies

The Parliament of Northern Ireland was created in 1921, suspended in 1972, and abolished in 1973. The Senate of Northern Ireland, its upper house, had a Black Rod throughout its existence, [32] [33] who carried messages from the Senate to the House of Commons, and at the annual opening of Parliament summoned MPs and Senators to the foot of the "Imperial Staircase" in Parliament Buildings from where the Governor of Northern Ireland made the speech. [34] The "Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in attendance on the Senate of Northern Ireland" was also appointed "Deputy Sergeant-at-Arms in attendance on the House of Commons of Northern Ireland", and likewise the Commons Sergeant-at-Arms was Deputy Black Rod. Black Rod's wand, uniform, and sword are now part of the collection of the Northern Ireland Assembly Commission. [35] The wand is an ebony staff, 37 inches (940 mm) long, with silver gilt mounts dated London 1923. It was in storage in 2007, [36] and on display in the First Ministers office in 2012. [37] The first Black Rod was Sir Frederick Moneypenny, [38] the Belfast City Chamberlain and Private Secretary to the Lord Mayor, [39] who served on a provisional basis and took no salary. [40] Later holders of the office were Major Thomas Dalby Hutcheson Hackett (1921–1954), [41] [42] Brigadier John Young Calwell (1954–1968), [42] [43] [44] and Captain (RN) J. C. Cartwright (1969–1972). [45]

The white paper leading to the 1973 Northern Ireland Assembly said it "should be modern in character and the pomp of English historical features such as Black Rod, Sergeants at Arms, etc., should be abandoned". [46] Subsequent devolved legislatures (the 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly, Scottish Parliament, and Welsh Senedd) have been unicameral and none has a Black Rod.

Australia

The Australian Senate and the upper houses in five Australian states and territories have their own Usher of the Black Rod. (Queensland abolished its upper house, and the assemblies of the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory have always been unicameral.)

The current Usher of the Black Rod for the Australian Senate is John Begley. [47] In the Australian Senate, the Usher of the Black Rod assists with the administration and security of the Senate and has the power to take anyone into custody who causes a disturbance in or near the Senate chamber. [48]

Canada

Kevin MacLeod, the former Canadian Usher of the Black Rod, stands in front of the 1878 Senate thrones Kevin MacLeod in Canadian Senate Chamber 2009.jpg
Kevin MacLeod, the former Canadian Usher of the Black Rod, stands in front of the 1878 Senate thrones

The Usher of the Black Rod for the Senate of Canada is the equivalent to the Black Rod office for the House of Lords. The position was also known as the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod until 1997, when the appointment of the first female Black Rod prompted the word gentleman to be dropped from the title.

The provincial legislatures of Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Alberta, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island have also incorporated the position of the Black Rods into their respective parliamentary systems. [49]

Cook Islands

In the Cook Islands the Usher of the Black Rod is the messenger of the King's Representative at the ceremonial opening of parliament.

In 2023, the Cook Islands adopted a black rod (Cook Islands Māori : Te Mato Mana) carved from mato wood salvaged from the gallery of the Ziona Tapu Church in Avarua. The black rod was designed by Tangata Vainerere, the clerk of the Cook Islands parliament, and carved by Wireless Tomokino. The piece of wood it was carved from is thought to be over 160 years old. [50] It was first used at the ceremonial opening of the 18th parliament on 22 March 2023. [51]

Ireland

In the Kingdom of Ireland, the Parliament of Ireland was modelled on the English Parliament. In the Irish House of Lords, "the gentleman ussher to the lord chauncellor" is mentioned in 1586, [52] the "Gentleman-Usher" and "Yeoman-Usher" in 1634, [32] [53] and the "Gentleman-Usher of the Black-Rod" in 1646, when Black Rod disputed with the Keeper of the King's Robes as to which had the right to appoint the Yeoman Usher, and the Lords ruled that it should be Black Rod, because that was the case in England. [54] Andrew Fountaine received £200 for attending the whole of the 1707 session, £50 more than "the last Gentleman-Usher attending but a Part of a Session". [55] The post was in the gift of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, [56] and generally given at the start of a parliamentary session; these lasted several months and were initially held irregularly, later every two years, and finally every year. In 1765, the Marquess of Hertford moved from minister in France to viceroy in Dublin, and offered his secretary David Hume the post of Black Rod, suggesting that from the annual fees of £800–£900, he could employ a deputy for £300; Hume declined the offer. [56] The Irish Black Rod became Usher of the Order of St Patrick upon its establishment in 1783. The Acts of Union 1800, in uniting Ireland with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, abolished the Irish Parliament and its House of Lords, but the Order of St Patrick continued, and so did the office of Black Rod/Usher. The holder in 1800, Thomas Lindsay, received £845 8s 11d compensation for the loss of income from Lords fees. [57] With the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922, the Order of St Patrick fall into disuse and no Black Rod was appointed thereafter.

New Zealand

Usher of the Black Rod Sandra McKie at the State Opening of the New Zealand Parliament in 2023 Black-rod-2023.jpg
Usher of the Black Rod Sandra McKie at the State Opening of the New Zealand Parliament in 2023

In New Zealand, where the Legislative Council was abolished in 1951, the Usher of the Black Rod continues to summon MPs to the chamber for the Throne Speech. [111] It is not a full-time position.

Arthur Bothamley was the first person to hold the role; [112] he was usher of the black rod for 45 years from 1892 until August 1937. In September 1937, he was succeeded by Captain Douglas Bryan, who retired in June 1957. [112] [113] John Everitt Seal took over from Bryan in June 1957 [114] and held the role until his death on 1 November 1964. [115] Alexander John Mackay Manson was appointed in May 1965 to succeed Seal in time for the opening of the second term of the 34th New Zealand Parliament later that month. [116] Manson retired in June 1971. [117] In May 1972, Melville Harvey Scott Innes-Jones was appointed to succeed Manson. [118] Innes-Jones retired in 1991. [119]

William Nathan, appointed in 1993, [120] was the first Māori Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod. [121] Colonel Nathan retired in 2005, [122] and was followed by David Baguley. [123] David Williams was appointed as the acting Usher of the Black Rod in 2017 for the opening of the 52nd New Zealand Parliament. [124] Sandra McKie was appointed to act in the role in 2020 for the opening of the 53rd Parliament, the first woman to hold the position. [125] [126] [127] McKie was permanently appointed to the role effective from 17 October 2022, following the formal retirement of Baguley. [128] [129] [130]

The ceremonial black rod was presented to Parliament by Governor-General Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe in January, 1931. Made of polished black ebony, it is topped by a golden lion rampant holding a shield bearing the royal cypher of King George V and has a 1931 gold sovereign set in its base. Due to the fragility of the original 1931 black rod, a regular black baton acting as a black rod is now used during the official openings of Parliament. [131]

South Africa

The Senate of South Africa had a Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod from its inception in 1910 to abolition in 1980. When the Senate was restored in 1994 the renamed position of Usher of the Black Rod returned with it, continuing in the new National Council of Provinces. [132]

Before the Acts of Union 1707 united the English and Scottish parliaments, there was a Heritable Usher of the White Rod who had a similar role in the Estates of Parliament in Scotland. [133] This office is currently held by John Armes, Bishop of Edinburgh, but the role carries no duties.

Gentleman ushers exist for all the British orders of chivalry, and are coloured as follows:

Notes

  1. ↑ Mackintosh served as "Secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain, Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod and Serjeant-at-Arms". [30]
  2. ↑ Twiss had been appointed Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in 1970; in 1971 he was in addition appointed Secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain, Serjeant at Arms to the Lord Chancellor and the Agent of the Administration Committee. [31]

Sources

References

  1. 1 2 "Gentleman or Lady Usher of the Black Rod and Serjeant at Arms". Erskine May. UK Parliament. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
  2. ↑ "Yeoman Usher". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  3. ↑ Times, The (8 July 2025). "Court Circular: July 8, 2025".
  4. ↑ "Black Rod". UK Parliament. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  5. ↑ Torrance, Michael (12 December 2017). "Governance and Administration of the House of Lords" (PDF). House of Lords Library. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  6. ↑ "'Scandal' if Bercow got peerage - ex-Parliament official", BBC News, 5 February 2020, retrieved 6 June 2020
  7. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Black Rod"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  8. ↑ "House of Commons – Hansard".
  9. ↑ "Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod". Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  10. ↑ Sainty, J.C. (October 2014). "Black Rod and the Office of Usher of the Parliament Chamber". Parliamentary History. 33 (3): 511–515. doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12109.
  11. 1 2 3 Sainty, J.C. (June 2018). "A Biographical Note on James Maxwell, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod". Parliamentary History. 37 (2): 293–298. doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12366. S2CID   149684886.
  12. 1 2 3 "Appendix: Biographical Notes". Parliamentary History. 34: 75–76. October 2015. doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12158. S2CID   246254547.
  13. ↑ Biddulph, Michael. "London Gazette Issue: 26697Page:81". The Gazette. The Parliamentary Press, London.
  14. ↑ Biddulph, Michael. "The London Gazette: Issue: 27363 Page:6569". The Gazette. The Parliamentary Press, London.
  15. ↑ "No. 47433". The London Gazette . 10 January 1978. p. 321.
  16. ↑ "New appointment as Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod". royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  17. ↑ "New Black Rod starts chamber duties". UK Parliament. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  18. ↑ "Ed Davis confirmed as next Black Rod". UK Parliament. 29 April 2025. Retrieved 29 April 2025.
  19. ↑ "No. 64792". The London Gazette . 10 July 2025. p. 13826.
  20. 1 2 Wilding, Norman; Laundy, Philip (1968). An Encyclopaedia of Parliament (Third ed.). New York: Frederick A. Praeger. pp. 671–673. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  21. 1 2 "No. 45274". The London Gazette. 5 January 1971. p. 137.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chris Cook and John Stevenson, British Historical Facts 1688–1760 (1988) p. 97.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Chris Cook and John Stevenson, British Historical Facts 1760–1830 (1980) p. 50.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Chris Cook and Brendan Keith, British Historical Facts 1830–1900 (1975) p. 104.
  25. ↑ "No. 28437". The London Gazette. 15 November 1910. p. 8163.
  26. ↑ "No. 34252". The London Gazette. 4 February 1936. p. 729.
  27. ↑ "No. 34608". The London Gazette. 17 March 1939. p. 1844.
  28. ↑ "No. 37806". The London Gazette. 3 December 1946. p. 5913.
  29. ↑ "No. 42627". The London Gazette. 20 March 1962. p. 2327.
  30. ↑ "House of Lords Offices (1971)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . House of Lords. 17 March 1971. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
  31. ↑ "Tributes to Sir Frank Twiss (1978)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . House of Lords. 17 January 1978. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
  32. 1 2 Bond 1976 p. 20
  33. ↑ Morton, Grenfell (January 1980). Home rule and the Irish question . Longman. p.  69. ISBN   978-0-582-35215-5 . Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  34. ↑ Lowry, Donal (18 July 2020). "A 'Supreme and Permanent Symbol of Executive Authority': The Crown and the Governorship of Northern Ireland in an Age of 'Troubles'". In Kumarasingham, H. (ed.). Viceregalism: The Crown as Head of State in Political Crises in the Postwar Commonwealth. Springer Nature. p. 103. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46283-3_4. ISBN   978-3-030-46283-3.
  35. ↑ "FOI 15-21: Assembly Commissions' collection of art and artefacts". Northern Ireland Assembly. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
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  38. ↑ "Northern Ireland centenary: King's speech the first of many peace pleas" . Belfast Telegraph. 21 June 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
  39. ↑ "Obituary; Sir Frederick Moneypenny" (PDF). The Lifeboat. 28 (312). RNLI: 604. November 1932. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
  40. ↑ Parliamentary debates: House of Commons of Northern Ireland. Vol. 1. 23 September 1921. col 196.
  41. ↑ Parliament of Northern Ireland (1922). "Principal Officers of the Senate". Parliamentary Debates: The Senate Official Report. Vol. 1: First Session of the First Parliament of Northern Ireland: 12 George IV. Belfast: HMSO.
  42. 1 2 Parliament of Northern Ireland (1955). "Principal Officers of the Senate". Parliamentary Debates: The Senate Official Report. Vol. 38: First Session of the Eighth Parliament of Northern Ireland: 2 & 3 Elizabeth II. Belfast: HMSO. p. iv.
  43. ↑ "No. 1716". The Belfast Gazette . 14 May 1954. p. 119.
  44. ↑ Parliament of Northern Ireland (1969). "Principal Officers of the Senate". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): The Senate Official Report. Vol. 51: Third Session of the Eleventh Parliament of Northern Ireland: 16 Elizabeth II. Belfast: HMSO. p. iv.
  45. ↑
  46. ↑ Northern Ireland Department (1972). The Future of Northern Ireland: A Paper for Discussion. HMSO. p. 68. ISBN   978-0-11-700498-6.
  47. ↑ "No. 16 – Usher of the Black Rod". www.aph.gov.au. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  48. ↑ Odgers, James Rowland (2016). Odgers' Australian Senate practice / As revised by Harry Evans / edited by Rosemary Laing (14th ed.). Department of the Senate. p. 104. ISBN   978-1-76010-503-7.
  49. ↑ "2nd Session, 41st Parliament, Volume 149, Issue 19 (Senate of Canada)". Parliament of Canada. Queen's Printer for Canada. 27 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013.
  50. ↑ Parliament Pieces: Staff Piece (YouTube). Island Craft Ltd. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  51. ↑ "THE BLACK ROD – TE MATO MANA" (PDF). The Cook Islands Gazette (27/23): 51–52. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  52. ↑ Routledge, F. J. (1914). "Journal of the Irish House of Lords in Sir John Perrot's Parliament (3 May 1585–13 May 1586)". The English Historical Review. XXIX (CXIII): 116. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXIX.CXIII.104. JSTOR   551269.
  53. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.1 pp. 2, 24
  54. 1 2 3 Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.1 p.227
  55. 1 2 Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p.152
  56. 1 2 Beynon, H.; Greig, J. Y. T. (1931–1932). "Calendar of Hume MSS. In the Possession of the Royal Society of Edinburgh". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 52: Nos [II, 37] and [V, 57]. doi:10.1017/S0370164600019416.
  57. 1 2 Johnston-Liik 2002 v.3 p.98
  58. ↑ Raine, James, ed. (1861). Depositions From the Castle of York, Relating to Offenses Committed in the Northern Counties in the Seventeenth Century. Publications of the Surtees Society. Vol. XL. Surtees Society. p. 1, footnote.
  59. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.1 pp. 362, 442
  60. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.1 p.448
  61. ↑ Walsh, Patrick A.; Aronsson, Peter (October 2009). "Carter, Thomas". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.001521.v1 . Retrieved 19 November 2025.
  62. ↑ Johnston-Liik 2002 v.3 p.376
  63. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.1 p.479
  64. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.1 p.588
  65. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.1 p.593
  66. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.1 p.596
  67. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p.2
  68. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p.88
  69. ↑ "ELLYS, Thomas (1685–1709), of Mitre Court, Inner Temple". History of Parliament online. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  70. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p.243
  71. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p.254
  72. ↑ Peerage and Baronetage of Great Britain and Ireland. 1839. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  73. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p.362
  74. ↑ Johnston-Liik 2002 v.3 p.338
  75. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 pp. 452, 562
  76. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p.602
  77. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p.684
  78. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p. 711, 755
  79. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 p.805; v.3 pp. 2, 101
  80. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.2 pp.823–824, v.3 pp.101–102
  81. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.3 pp. 148, 297
  82. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.3 p.301
  83. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.3 pp. 363, 447, 531
  84. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.3 p.534
  85. ↑ Geoghegan, Patrick M. (1 October 2009). "Langrishe, Sir Hercules". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Royal Irish Academy. doi:10.3318/dib.004671.v1.
  86. ↑ Journal of the Irish House of Lords v.3 p.588
  87. ↑ Lodge, John (1789). "Fitz-William, Viscount Fitz-William". The Peerage of Ireland: or, A genealogical history of the present nobility of that kingdom. Vol. 4. Dublin: J. Moore. p. 320.
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