Brachionus

Last updated • 2 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Brachionus
Brachionuscalyciflorus.jpg
Brachionus calyciflorus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Rotifera
Class: Monogononta
Order: Ploima
Family: Brachionidae
Genus: Brachionus
Pallas, 1766
Species

about 30  [1]

Synonyms

SchizocercaDaday, 1883

Brachionus quadridentatus Mikrofoto.de-Brachionus quadridentatus 6.jpg
Brachionus quadridentatus

Brachionus is a genus of planktonic rotifers occurring in freshwater, alkaline and brackish water.

Contents

Species

Species included in Brachionus include: [2]

Use

Rotifers such as Brachionus calyciflorus are favored test animals in aquatic toxicology because of their sensitivity to most toxicants. They also are used as model organisms in various other biological fields e.g. due to their interesting reproductive mode in evolutionary ecology. Brachionus spp. are easily reared in large numbers and because of this are used to substitute for wild zooplankton for feeding hatchery reared larval fish. However, the composition of rotifers generally does not satisfy the nutritional requirements of fish larvae, [3] and large amounts of research have been invested in improving the lipid, vitamin and mineral composition of rotifers to better meet the requirements of fish larvae [4] [5] [6]

Reproduction

Brachionus species can normally reproduce sexually and asexually (cyclical parthenogenesis). Sexual reproduction (termed Mixis) is usually induced when population density increases. Mixis in Brachionus plicatilis has been shown to be induced by a density-dependent chemical cue. [7]

Transitions to obligate parthenogenesis have been described in Brachionus calyciflorus . In this species, obligate parthenogenesis can be inherited by a recessive allele, which leads to loss of sexual reproduction in homozygous offspring. [8] [9] In Brachionus manjavacas rotifers, offspring's survival and its cell's ability to growth and division decrease with advancing age of mother. [10]

Genome size

Haploid '1C' genome sizes in Brachionus species range at least from 0.056 to 0.416 pg. [11]

Genome sequencing

The complete mitochondrial genome of B. plicatilis sensu stricto NH1L has been sequenced. [12]

Cryptic species

Brachionus plicatilis has been demonstrated to be a large cryptic species complex consisting of several different species. [13] It has a worldwide diversity of at least 14 - 22 cryptic taxa. [14] [15]

Brachionus calyciflorus also seems to be a cryptic species complex. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asexual reproduction</span> Reproduction without a sexual process

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the full set of genes of their single parent and thus the newly created individual is genetically and physically similar to the parent or an exact clone of the parent. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as archaea and bacteria. Many eukaryotic organisms including plants, animals, and fungi can also reproduce asexually. In vertebrates, the most common form of asexual reproduction is parthenogenesis, which is typically used as an alternative to sexual reproduction in times when reproductive opportunities are limited. Komodo dragons and some monitor lizards can also reproduce asexually.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cod</span> Common name for the demersal fish genus Gadus

Cod is the common name for the demersal fish genus Gadus, belonging to the family Gadidae. Cod is also used as part of the common name for a number of other fish species, and one species that belongs to genus Gadus is commonly not called cod.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rotifer</span> Phylum of pseudocoelomate invertebrates

The rotifers, commonly called wheel animals or wheel animalcules, make up a phylum of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bdelloidea</span> Class of parthenogenetic freshwater rotifers

Bdelloidea is a class of rotifers found in freshwater habitats all over the world. There are over 450 described species of bdelloid rotifers, distinguished from each other mainly on the basis of morphology. The main characteristics that distinguish bdelloids from related groups of rotifers are exclusively parthenogenetic reproduction and the ability to survive in dry, harsh environments by entering a state of desiccation-induced dormancy (anhydrobiosis) at any life stage. They are often referred to as "ancient asexuals" due to their unique asexual history that spans back to over 25 million years ago through fossil evidence. Bdelloid rotifers are microscopic organisms, typically between 150 and 700 µm in length. Most are slightly too small to be seen with the naked eye, but appear as tiny white dots through even a weak hand lens, especially in bright light. In June 2021, biologists reported the restoration of bdelloid rotifers after being frozen for 24,000 years in the Siberian permafrost.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brine shrimp</span> Genus of aquatic crustaceans

Artemia is a genus of aquatic crustaceans also known as brine shrimp. It is the only genus in the family Artemiidae. The first historical record of the existence of Artemia dates back to the first half of the 10th century AD from Lake Urmia, Iran, with an example called by an Iranian geographer an "aquatic dog", although the first unambiguous record is the report and drawings made by Schlösser in 1757 of animals from Lymington, England. Artemia populations are found worldwide, typically in inland saltwater lakes, but occasionally in oceans. Artemia are able to avoid cohabiting with most types of predators, such as fish, by their ability to live in waters of very high salinity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fish reproduction</span> Reproductive physiology of fishes

Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness. The genital papilla is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes, from which the sperm or eggs are released; the sex of a fish can often be determined by the shape of its papilla.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thelytoky</span>

Thelytoky is a type of parthenogenesis and is the absence of mating and subsequent production of all female diploid offspring as for example in aphids. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is rare among animals and reported in about 1,500 species, about 1 in 1000 of described animal species, according to a 1984 study. It is more common in invertebrates, like arthropods, but it can occur in vertebrates, including salamanders, fish, and reptiles such as some whiptail lizards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amazon molly</span> Species of fish

The Amazon molly is a freshwater fish native to warm, fresh waters between Tuxpan River in northeastern Mexico and the Rio Grande and the Nueces River in the southern parts of the U.S. state of Texas. It reproduces through gynogenesis, and essentially all individuals are females. The common name acknowledges this trait as a reference to the Amazon warriors, a female-run society in Greek mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parthenogenesis</span> Asexual reproduction without fertilization

Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur in a gamete without combining with another gamete. In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell. In plants, parthenogenesis is a component process of apomixis. In algae, parthenogenesis can mean the development of an embryo from either an individual sperm or an individual egg.

<i>Brachionus plicatilis</i>

Brachionus plicatilis is a euryhaline rotifer in the family Brachionidae, and is possibly the only commercially important rotifer, being raised in the aquaculture industry as food for fish larvae. It has a broad distribution in salt lakes around the world and has become a model system for studies in ecology and evolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gnathifera (clade)</span> Taxonomic clade

Gnathifera is a clade of generally small spiralians characterized by complex jaws made of chitin. It comprises the phyla Gnathostomulida, Rotifera, Micrognathozoa, and Chaetognatha. It may also include the Cycliophora.

<i>Daphnia pulex</i> Species of small freshwater animal

Daphnia pulex is the most common species of water flea. It has a cosmopolitan distribution: the species is found throughout the Americas, Europe, and Australia. It is a model species, and was the first crustacean to have its genome sequenced.

<i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i> Species of true bug

Acyrthosiphon pisum, commonly known as the pea aphid, is a sap-sucking insect in the family Aphididae. It feeds on several species of legumes worldwide, including forage crops, such as pea, clover, alfalfa, and broad bean, and ranks among the aphid species of major agronomical importance. The pea aphid is a model organism for biological study whose genome has been sequenced and annotated.

<i>Brachionus calyciflorus</i>

Brachionus calyciflorus is a planktonic rotifer species occurring in freshwater. It is commonly used as a model organism in toxicology, ecology and evolutionary biology.
Its advantages include the small size and short generation time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture of cobia</span>

Cobia, a warm water fish, is one of the more suitable candidates for offshore aquaculture. Cobia are large pelagic fish, up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) long and 68 kilograms (150 lb) in weight. They are solitary fish except when spawning, found in warm-temperate to tropical waters.

Adineta ricciae is a species of freshwater rotifers in the family Adinetidae. It was first described in 2005 after being discovered by chance in dry mud beside a billabong in Australia. It is used as a model organism as it is easy to keep in culture.

<i>Floscularia ringens</i> Species of rotifers

Floscularia ringens is a species of rotifer belonging to the class Monogononta, which resides in a tube that it builds using many little circular pellets consisting of bacteria and small pieces of detritus.

Parthenogenesis is a mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring are produced by females without the genetic contribution of a male. Among all the sexual vertebrates, the only examples of true parthenogenesis, in which all-female populations reproduce without the involvement of males, are found in squamate reptiles. There are about 50 species of lizard and 1 species of snake that reproduce solely through parthenogenesis. It is unknown how many sexually reproducing species are also capable of parthenogenesis in the absence of males, but recent research has revealed that this ability is widespread among squamates.

Gynogenesis, a form of parthenogenesis, is a system of asexual reproduction that requires the presence of sperm without the actual contribution of its DNA for completion. The paternal DNA dissolves or is destroyed before it can fuse with the egg. The egg cell of the organism is able to develop, unfertilized, into an adult using only maternal genetic material. Gynogenesis is often termed "sperm parasitism" in reference to the somewhat pointless role of male gametes. Gynogenetic species, "gynogens" for short, are unisexual, meaning they must mate with males from a closely related bisexual species that normally reproduces sexually.

<i>Milnesium alpigenum</i> Species of tardigrade

Milnesium alpigenum is a species of tardigrade that falls under the Tardigrada phylum. Like its taxonomic relatives it is an omnivorous predator that feeds on other small organisms, such as algae, rotifers, and nematodes. M. alpigenum was discovered by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1853. It is very closely related to Milnesium tardigradum along with many other species from the Milnesium genus.

References

  1. "Brachionus Pallas, 1766". National Institute for Environmental Studies . Retrieved 2007-06-14.
  2. Segers, H. (2018). "Brachionus". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2018-11-06.
  3. HAMRE, K.; SRIVASTAVA, A.; RØNNESTAD, I.; MANGOR-JENSEN, A.; STOSS, J. (2008). "Several micronutrients in the rotifer Brachionus sp. may not fulfil the nutritional requirements of marine fish larvae". Aquaculture Nutrition. 14 (1): 51–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00504.x .
  4. Penglase, S; Hamre, K.; Sweetman, J.; Nordgreen, A (2011). "A new method to increase and maintain the concentration of selenium in rotifers (Brachionus spp.)". Aquaculture. 315 (1–2): 144–153. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.09.007.
  5. Dhert, Phillippe; Geert Rombautb; Gede Suantikaa; Patrick Sorgeloos (2001). "Advancement of rotifer culture and manipulation techniques in Europe". Aquaculture. 200 (1–2): 129–146. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.459.1191 . doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00697-4.
  6. Nordgreen, A; Penglase, S.; Hamre, K. (2013). "Increasing the levels of the essential trace elements Se, Zn, Cu and Mn in rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) used as live feed". Aquaculture. 380–383: 120–129. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.11.032 .
  7. Induction of sexual reproduction in Brachionus plicatilis (Monogononta, Rotifera) by a density-dependent chemical cue CP Stelzer, TW Snell - Limnology and Oceanography, 2003
  8. C.-P. Stelzer, J. Schmidt, A. Wiedlroither, and S. Riss (2010). Loss of Sexual Reproduction and Dwarfing in a Small Metazoan. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12854.
  9. Scheuerl, T., Riss, S., Stelzer, C.P. (2011). Phenotypic effects of an allele causing obligate parthenogenesis in a rotifer. Journal of Heredity 102(4): 409-415. http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/esr036?ijkey=94jzFn7JvmYfQyM&keytype=ref
  10. Hernández, Christina M.; Daalen, Silke F. van; Caswell, Hal; Neubert, Michael G.; Gribble, Kristin E. (2020-06-29). "A demographic and evolutionary analysis of maternal effect senescence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (28): 16431–16437. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1919988117 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   7368264 . PMID   32601237.
  11. Stelzer, C.P., Riss, S., Stadler, P. (2011) Genome size evolution at the speciation level: The cryptic species complex Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera) BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 90.
  12. Koushirou Suga, David B. Mark Welch, Yukari Tanaka, Yoshitaka Sakakura, and Atsushi Hagiwara (2008). Two Circular Chromosomes of Unequal Copy Number Make Up the Mitochondrial Genome of the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Mol Biol Evol (2008) 25(6): 1129-1137
  13. Gomez, A; et al. (2002). "Speciation in ancient species complexes: evidence from the molecular phylogeny of Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera)". Evolution. 56 (7): 1431–1444. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01455.x . PMID   12206243.
  14. Extreme levels of hidden diversity in microscopic animals (Rotifera) revealed by DNA taxonomy D Fontaneto, M Kaya, EA Herniou… - Molecular Phylogenetics …, 2009 - Elsevier
  15. Diversity of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis species complex (Rotifera: Monogononta) in Iran through integrative taxonomy Reza Malekzadeh-Viayeh1,*, Razieh Pak-Tarmani1, Nasim Rostamkhani2 and Diego Fontaneto3 Article first published online: 7 JAN 2014 DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12106
  16. Brachionus calyciflorus is a species complex: mating behavior and genetic differentiation among four geographically isolated strains JJ Gilbert, EJ Walsh - Rotifera X, 2005 - Springer

Huang, L. "Effectof Aldrin on Life History Characteristics of Rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas." Bull Environ Contam Toxicol no5 N 2007