Brenner Railway

Last updated
Innsbruck–Bozen–Verona railway
Eurocity bei Matrei am Brenner.jpg
An OBB EuroSprinter with a Eurocity train
passes KM 91,5 towards Matrei station.
Overview
Line number
  • 302 02 Austria
  • 42 (Brenner–Bozen)
  • 43 (Bozen–Verona)
LocaleAustria and Italy
Service
Route number
  • 300 (Salzburg Hbf - Brennero/Brenner)
  • 301 (Jenbach - Telfs-Pfaffenhofen / Steinach in Tirol)
  • 50 (Italy)
Technical
Line length275.4 km (171.1 mi)
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge
Minimum radius 264 m (866 ft)
Electrification
  • 15 kV 16.7 Hz Austria
  • 3 kV Italy
Operating speed180 km/h (112 mph)
Maximum incline
  • north ramp: 2.5%
  • south ramp: 2.25%
Route map

Brennerbahn.png

Contents



km
elev (M)
or length (m)
in metres
BSicon CONTg.svg
BSicon BHF.svg
75.130
Innsbruck
 S3  S4 
582 M
BSicon dCONTgq.svg
BSicon ABZgr.svg
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
76.725
Bergisel tunnel
662 m
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
78.198
Sonnenburg tunnel
249 m
BSicon ABZg+l.svg
BSicon dCONTfq.svg
79.646
Innsbruck Hbf
1 junction
Innsbruck
bypass
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
80.291
Ahrnwald tunnel
165 m
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
80.809
Schupfen tunnel
35 m
BSicon HST.svg
81.295
Unterberg-
Stefansbrücke
716 M
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
81.648
Unterberg tunnel
49 m
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
82.662
Patsch tunnel
176 m
BSicon UST.svg
83.905
Innsbruck Hbf
2 crossover
BSicon HST.svg
84.718
Patsch
784 M
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
85.403
Schönberg tunnel
89 m
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
85.726
Mühltal tunnel
872 m
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
86.936
Moserwiese tunnel
74 m
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
91.847
Matrei tunnel
124 m
BSicon BHF.svg
93.281
Matrei am Brenner
995 M
BSicon BHF.svg
97.884
Steinach in Tirol
 S3 
1,048 M
BSicon HST.svg
101.918
St. Jodok
1,141 M
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
102.427
Sankt Jodok spiral tunnel
480 m
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
104.323
Stafflach tunnel
283 m
BSicon TUNNEL2.svg
106.189
Gries tunnel
173 m
BSicon HST.svg
106.651
Gries am Brenner
1,255 M
BSicon UST.svg
106.917
Steinach in Tirol 2 crossover
BSicon eHST.svg
110.900
Brennersee
1,351 M
BSicon v-SHI2gr.svg
111.145
Steinach in Tirol 4 junction
track 302 11
BSicon STR~L.svg
BSicon KDSTe.svg
BSicon STR~R.svg
111.425
Brennersee Terminal
BSicon STR+GRZq.svg
111.561
ÖBB
RFI
maintenance border
BSicon ZOLL.svg
111.663
240.083
BSicon BHF.svg
239.533
Brennero/Brenner
 S4 
1,371 M
BSicon eHST.svg
236.200
Brennerbad
(former spa)
1,310 M
BSicon BS2+l.svg
BSicon eBS2+r.svg
BSicon hKRZWae.svg
BSicon exhKRZWae.svg
BSicon tSTRa.svg
BSicon exTUNNEL2.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
BSicon POINTERg@fq.svg
BSicon exTUNNEL2.svg
Pflersch tunnel
7.267 m
BSicon tSTR.svg
BSicon PORTALf.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
13.10
Moncucco/Schelleberg
1,242 M
BSicon tSTRe.svg
BSicon extSTR+l-STRlo.svg
BSicon extvWSLeq.svg
Ast spiral tunnel
761 m
BSicon BS2l.svg
BSicon BS2c3.svg
BSicon extBS2re.svg
BSicon eHST.svg
226.70
Fleres/Pflersch
1,130 M
BSicon HST.svg
222.80
Colle Isarco/Gossensaß
1,100 M
BSicon hbKRZWae.svg
Eisack bridge I
BSicon BHF.svg
217.00
Vipiteno/Sterzing
943 M
BSicon HST.svg
Campo di Trens/Freienfeld
935 M
BSicon hbKRZWae.svg
Palude di Vipiteno bridge
BSicon eHST.svg
208.90
Mules/Mauls
900 M
BSicon eHST.svg
204.30
Le Cave/Grasstein
843 M
BSicon eHST.svg
200.80
Mezzaselva/Mittewald
798 M
BSicon BHF.svg
197.00
Fortezza/Franzensfeste
747 M
BSicon ABZgl.svg
BSicon dCONTfq.svg
197.00
BSicon eHST.svg
192.19
Varna/Vahrn
650 M
BSicon BHF.svg
188.36
Bressanone/Brixen
577 M
BSicon hbKRZWae.svg
Eisack bridge II
BSicon eHST.svg
184.70
Albès/Albeins
548 M
BSicon eHST.svg
Funes/Villnöß
539 M
BSicon BHF.svg
178.24
Chiusa/Klausen
523 M
BSicon BHF.svg
172.43
422 M
BSicon eBS2+l.svg
BSicon PORTALf.svg
BSicon BS2+r.svg
Schlern tunnel
13,159 m
BSicon exhKRZWae.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
Rötele bridge
BSicon exHST.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
Castelrotto/Kastelruth
428 M
BSicon exHST.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
Campodazzo/Atzwang
373 M
BSicon exhKRZWae.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
Eisack bridge I
BSicon exTUNNEL2.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
tunnel VII
55 m
BSicon exTUNNEL2.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
tunnel VI
72 m
BSicon exTUNNEL2.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
tunnel V
60 m
BSicon exTUNNEL2.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
tunnel IV
62 m
BSicon exTUNNEL2.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
tunnel III
79 m
BSicon exTUNNEL2.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
tunnel II
57 m
BSicon exHST.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
Völsersteig/Fiè allo Sciliar
340 M
BSicon exTUNNEL2.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
tunnel I
40 m
BSicon eBS2l.svg
BSicon PORTALg.svg
BSicon BS2r.svg
Schlern tunnel
13,159 m
BSicon eHST.svg
157.99
Prato all'Isarco/Blumau
315 M
BSicon eBS2+l.svg
BSicon PORTALf.svg
BSicon BS2+r.svg
BSicon exSTR.svg
BSicon tSTR.svg
Kardaun tunnel
3,789 m
BSicon extSTRa.svg
BSicon tSTRe.svg
BSicon PORTALg.svg
BSicon eBS2l.svg
BSicon BS2r.svg
Prato Tires tunnel
430 m
BSicon eHST.svg
Cardano/Kardaun
283 M
BSicon hbKRZWae.svg
Kardaun bridge
BSicon BHF.svg
150.23
Bolzano/Bozen
266 M
BSicon exdCONTgq.svg
BSicon eABZgr.svg
BSicon dCONTgq.svg
BSicon ABZgr.svg
148.59
BSicon HST.svg
142.56
Laives/Leifers
230 M
BSicon HST.svg
139.29
Bronzolo/Branzoll
227 M
BSicon HST.svg
134.17
Ora/Auer
223 M
BSicon hbKRZWae.svg
BSicon HST.svg
128.40
Egna/Neumarkt
217 M
BSicon HST.svg
124.42
Magrè/Margreid
Cortaccia/Kurtatsch
216 M
BSicon HST.svg
118.99
Salorno/Salurn
211 M
BSicon HST.svg
111.62
Mezzocorona
BSicon exdCONTgq.svg
BSicon eABZgr.svg
BSicon hbKRZWae.svg
BSicon dCONTgq.svg
BSicon KRZu.svg
BSicon dCONTfq.svg
110.50
BSicon HST.svg
104.32
Lavis
BSicon ABZgl.svg
BSicon dCONTfq.svg
95.43
Trento goods station
BSicon BHF.svg
94.79
Trento
BSicon ABZgl.svg
BSicon dCONTfq.svg
93.01
BSicon HST.svg
87.22
Mattarello
BSicon TUNNEL1.svg
BSicon eHST.svg
78.91
Calliano
(
closed
2004
)
BSicon BHF.svg
71.21
Rovereto
BSicon exdCONTgq.svg
BSicon exlHST.svg
BSicon HST.svg
66.91
Mori
BSicon HST.svg
60.86
Serravalle
BSicon HST.svg
54.68
Ala
BSicon HST.svg
50.36
Avio
BSicon HST.svg
45.48
Borghetto
BSicon HST.svg
40.36
Peri
BSicon HST.svg
32.77
Dolcè
BSicon TUNNEL1.svg
BSicon HST.svg
22.80
Domegliara–Sant'Ambrogio
BSicon HST.svg
16.98
Pescantina
BSicon eHST.svg
11.65
Verona Parona
BSicon dCONTgq~F.svg
BSicon ABZgr~F.svg
6.39
San Massimo junction (PC) [nb 1]
BSicon dCONTgq~G.svg
BSicon ABZg+r~G.svg
BSicon hbKRZWae.svg
Adige river
BSicon BHF.svg
3.37
Verona Porta Nuova
BSicon BHF.svg
0.00
Verona Porta Vescovo
BSicon STRl.svg
BSicon dCONTfq.svg
km


 
elev (M)
or length (m)
in metres
Source: Italian railway atlas [1]
Innsbruck station at the north end of the Brenner railway Innsbruck Hbf 001.jpg
Innsbruck station at the north end of the Brenner railway

The Brenner Railway (German : Brennerbahn; Italian : Ferrovia del Brennero) is a major line connecting the Austrian and Italian railways from Innsbruck to Verona, climbing up the Wipptal (German for "Wipp Valley"), passing over the Brenner Pass, descending down the Eisacktal (German for "Eisack Valley") to Bolzano/Bozen, then further down the Adige Valley to Rovereto/Rofreit, and along the section of the Adige Valley, called in Italian the "Vallagarina", to Verona. This railway line is part of the Line 1 of Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T). It is considered a "fundamental" line by the state railways Ferrovie dello Stato (FS). [2]

History

The railway line was designed under the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the mid-19th century to ensure rapid and safe transport between Tyrol and northern Italy, especially Lombardy–Venetia. It was thus strategically important not only for economic but also for military reasons, as Austria was strongly committed to maintaining its borders south of the Alps.

The first section to be built was the lower section between Verona and Bolzano/Bozen. The design of this section was approved on 10 July 1853 by the engineer Alois Negrelli, an employee of the Südbahn, known for having built other Alpine railway lines and for developing a project of the Suez Canal. The section was opened in two different parts: on 23 March 1859 between Verona to Trento/Trient and 16 May 1859 from Trento/Trient to Bolzano/Bozen. This construction was handled by the k.k. Nord- und SüdTiroler Staatsbahn (German: "North and South Tyrol State Railways"), but the company was taken over by the new Austrian Southern Railway (German: Südbahn) at the beginning of 1859. [3]

Despite the loss of Veneto in the Third Italian War of Independence and its consequent shift of the border between Italy and Austria to Borghetto on the current boundary of Trentino and Verona in October 1866, the upper section from Bolzano/Bozen to Innsbruck was incomplete. The 127-kilometre (79 mi) route from Innsbruck to Bolzano/Bozen took only three years to build. This section had been under construction and was finally opened on 24 August 1867. The main designer and engineer, Karl von Etzel, died in 1865; he was not able to witness the completion of his work. After the Semmering railway, this Brenner Line was the second mountain railway built within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was also the first through line to cross over the Alps.

The section south of Borghetto became part of the Società per le strade ferrate dell'Alta Italia (Italian for Upper (Northern) Italian Railways, SFAI) in 1866. [4] In the 1885 reorganisation it was absorbed by the Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali (Adriatic Network). [5] The line came under the control of Ferrovie dello Stato upon its establishment in 1905.

In 1919, Italy acquired Trentino-South Tyrol under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Austro-Italian border moved to Brenner. The section from Trento/Trient to Brenner was subsequently electrified at 3,700 V at three-phase 16.7 Hz between 1929 and 1934. [6] Electrification was converted to 3,000 V DC on 30 May 1965.

In preparation for the proposed Brenner Base Tunnel, the Innsbruck bypass was completed in 1994 to improve access to the Lower Inn Valley railway. The bypass consists of a 12.75-kilometre (7.92 mi) tunnel (Austria's longest) and aims to remove the bulk of the freight train traffic from Innsbruck. In Italy, several new sections have been built, removing sections of line with several short tunnels with small cross sections. These include the 13,159-metre-long (43,173 ft) Sciliar tunnel opened in 1994, the 7,267-metre-long (23,842 ft) Pflersch tunnel opened in 1999 and the 3,939-metre-long (12,923 ft) Cardano tunnel opened in 1998.

Future

Following a sharp increase in freight traffic through the Brenner Pass (largely on road), the railway is currently considered to have insufficient capacity. Moreover, its steep grades, tight radius bends and the need to change locomotive engines at Brenner due to two different electrical systems as used in Austria and Italy mean that the average travel speed is low. For these reasons, the creation of a new line is planned from Verona to Munich via Innsbruck. At the heart of this project lies a 55-kilometre-long (34 mi) tunnel between Franzensfeste and Innsbruck, known as the Brenner Base Tunnel. [7]

Route

The maximum grade on the track is 31 per thousand (3.1%). The minimum curve radius is 264 metres (866 ft). The highest point of the track is Brenner station at 1,371 metres (4,498 ft), which is also the highest point reached on the standard gauge networks of the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) and the Italian Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) networks.

To overcome the steep climb (796 metres (2,612 ft) between Innsbruck and Brenner) two spiral tunnels were built, using the sides of a valley at St. Jodok on the Austrian side and the sides of the Pflerschtal (German for "Pflersch Valley") on the Italian side.

At Brenner station, located on the Brenner Pass (1,371 metres; 4,498 ft), there is a monument to the designer, Karl von Etzel. This station is situated at the border between Italy and Austria and also the operational border between the ÖBB and FS networks. The two companies operate different electrical systems, (15,000 V AC at 16.7 Hz in Austria, and 3,000 V DC in Italy), which requires a stop to change electric locomotives. For this reason, for a long time the operation of express trains from Munich to Verona and Milan was carried out with diesel railcars. Until 30 May 1965 was also needed a second engine change in Bolzano station, as the Bolzano–Brenner section still operated under three-phase AC electrification.

In recent years the introduction of multicurrent rolling stock, which can be run on both the Austrian and Italian networks, has made it possible, at least in principle, to avoid locomotive changes. However, the need for locomotives to carry equipment for different signalling systems and to have safety approvals for different networks and lines, and the need for staff to know operating rules and routes has limited multicurrent operations in practice.

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References

Notes

  1. "Posti di comunicazione", i.e. a crossover.

Footnotes

  1. Railway Atlas 2017, pp. 3, 8, 9, 23, 24, 136, 137.
  2. "Rete FS in esercizio (FS operational network)" (PDF) (in Italian). Ferrovie dello Stato. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
  3. Kalla-Bishop 1971 , p. 21
  4. Kalla-Bishop 1971 , p. 41
  5. Kalla-Bishop 1971 , p. 52
  6. Kalla-Bishop 1971 , p. 103
  7. "The Brenner Base Tunnel". Amministrazione trasparente Galleria di Base del Brennero - Brenner Basistunnel BBT SE. Retrieved 1 January 2016.

Sources

See also

46°18′26″N11°14′51″E / 46.30722°N 11.24750°E / 46.30722; 11.24750