Brian Greene

Last updated

Brian Greene
Brian Greene, February 28, 2012.jpg
Greene in 2012
Born
Brian Randolph Greene

(1963-02-09) February 9, 1963 (age 61)
New York City, U.S.
Alma mater Harvard University (BS)
Magdalen College, Oxford (PhD)
Known for String theory
The Elegant Universe
The Fabric of the Cosmos
The Hidden Reality
SpouseTracy Day
Children2
Awards Andrew Gemant Award (2003)
Scientific career
Fields Physics
Institutions Cornell University
Columbia University
Thesis Superstrings: topology, geometry and phenomenology and astrophysical implications of supersymmetric models  (1986)
Doctoral advisor Graham G. Ross
James Binney

Brian Randolph Greene [1] (born February 9, 1963) is an American physicist known for his research on string theory. He is a professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, director of its center for theoretical physics, and the chairman of the World Science Festival, which he co-founded in 2008. Greene co-discovered mirror symmetry, relating two different Calabi–Yau manifolds. [2] He also described the flop transition, a mild form of topology change, and the conifold transition, a more severe transformation of space, showing that topology can smoothly change in string theory.

Contents

His books The Elegant Universe (1999), The Fabric of the Cosmos (2011), The Hidden Reality (2015), and Until the End of Time (2020) were all top 10 New York Times bestsellers. Greene hosted two Emmy and Peabody Award Winning NOVA miniseries based on his books. [3] He also appeared on The Big Bang Theory episode "The Herb Garden Germination", as well as in the films Frequency and The Last Mimzy . From 2015 to 2020, he served on the board of overseers of Harvard University, [4] and is currently a member of the board of sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . [5]

Early life and education

Greene was born in New York City of Jewish background. [6] His father, Alan Greene, was a one-time vaudeville performer and high school dropout who later worked as a voice coach and composer.

After graduating from Stuyvesant High School in 1980, where he was classmates with fellow physicist and science popularizer Lisa Randall, [7] Greene studied physics at Harvard University, graduating in 1984 with a Bachelor of Science, summa cum laude . He then did doctoral study in theoretical physics at Magdalen College, Oxford, under Graham Ross and James Binney. He received a Doctor of Philosophy in 1987 with a thesis entitled "Superstrings: topology, geometry and phenomenology and astrophysical implications of supersymmetric models". [8] [9] [10] While at Oxford, Greene also studied piano with the concert pianist Jack Gibbons. [11]

Academic career

Greene joined the physics faculty of Cornell University in 1990, received tenure in 1993, and was appointed to a full professorship in 1995. [12] The following year, he joined the faculty of Columbia University as a full professor. [13] At Columbia, Greene is director of the university’s center for theoretical physics and is leading a research program at the intersection of string theory, mathematical physics, and cosmology. [14]

Research

Greene's area of research is string theory, a candidate for a theory of quantum gravity. He is known for his contribution to the understanding of the different shapes the curled-up dimensions of string theory can take. The most important of these shapes are so-called Calabi–Yau manifolds; when the extra dimensions take on those particular forms, physics in three dimensions exhibits an abstract symmetry known as supersymmetry. [15]

Greene co-discovered a particular class of symmetry relating two different Calabi–Yau manifolds, known as mirror symmetry [16] and is known for his research on the flop-transition, [17] [18] a mild form of topology change, and also the conifold transition, [19] a more severe transformation of space, showing that topology in string theory can change smoothly. [20]

Greene has also studied string cosmology, especially the imprints of trans-Planckian physics on the cosmic microwave background, [21] and brane-gas cosmologies that could explain why the space around us has three large dimensions. [22] His work has expanded on the suggestion of a black hole electron, namely that a black hole can continuously transform into a particle such as an electron. [19]

Currently, Greene is studying non-simply connected and non-orientable compactifications and has showed that in some of these contexts, signals can have an effective speed greater than that of light, and even travel back in time. [23] [24]

Communicating Science

Books

Greene is well known to a wider audience for his work on popularizing theoretical physics, in particular string theory and the search for a unified theory of physics. His first book, The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory , published in 1999 and a New York Times Best Seller, is a popularization of superstring theory and M-theory. [25] It was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in nonfiction, and winner of The Aventis Prizes for Science Books in 2000. [26]

Greene's second book, The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality (2004), a New York Times Best Seller, is about space, time, and the nature of the universe. [27] Aspects covered in this book include non-local particle entanglement as it relates to special relativity and basic explanations of string theory. It is an examination of the very nature of matter and reality, covering such topics as spacetime and cosmology, origins and unification, and including an exploration into reality and the imagination.

Greene's third book, The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos , published in January 2011, was a New York Times Best Seller and deals in greater depth with multiple universes, or, as they are sometimes referred to collectively, the multiverse. [28] [29]

Greene's most recent book, Until the End of Time: Mind Matter and Our Search for Meaning in an Evolving Universe (2020), was a New York Times Best Seller and explores the universe’s evolution and likely end, as well as the emergence of life and consciousness, bridging cosmological and existentialist thought. [30]

Documentary Television

Greene’s first book, The Elegant Universe , was adapted into a three-part PBS television special of the same name, hosted and narrated by Greene, which won a 2003 Peabody Award. [31]

Greene’s second book, The Fabric of the Cosmos , was adapted into a four-part PBS television special of the same name, hosted and narrated by Greene, which premiered in 2011 [32] and was nominated for multiple Emmy Awards. [33]

Greene was also featured in ABC’s Nightline in Primetime: Brave New World series. [34]

Stage Works

Greene worked with by composer Philip Glass, playwright David Henry Hwang, filmmakers AL and AL, and executive producer Tracy Day to adapt Greene’s novella Icarus at the Edge of Time , which is a futuristic re-telling of the Icarus myth, into a stage work for full orchestra, film, and narrator. The work premiered on June 6, 2010 at Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, with narrator John Lithgow, as part of World Science Festival. [35] Icarus at the Edge of Time has since been performed 55 times in 31 cities and 13 countries, with narrators including Liev Schreiber, Kate Mulgrew, Levar Burton, and David Morrissey. [35]

Greene wrote the stage work Light Falls: Space, Time, and an Obsession of Einstein, which traces Albert Einstein’s discovery of the General Theory of Relativity, and his subsequent failed attempts to find what he called “the unified theory.” The original score was written by Jeff Beal and visuals and stage production were created by 59 Productions, with executive producer Tracy Day. The work premiered on February 19, 2019 at the Gerald Lynch Theater in New York City, [36] with Greene in the role of narrator, and was filmed by Great Performances for national broadcast on PBS on the centenary of the confirmation of General Relativity, May 29, 2019. [37]

Greene wrote the stage work Time, Creativity and the Cosmos, exploring the origin of the universe, life, and creative expression, which premiered on May 30, 2017 at Lincoln Center’s Rose Theater, with Greene in the role of narrator and performers Pilobolus, Joshua Bell, Renee Fleming, Brian Stokes Mitchell, and David Draiman. [38]

World Science Festival

In 2008, together with former ABC News producer Tracy Day, Greene co-founded the World Science Festival [39] [40] [41] [42] as a forum for cultivating “a general public informed by science, inspired by its wonder, convinced of its value, and prepared to engage with its implications for the future.” [43] Since its founding, the World Science Festival has produced more than a thousand live and digital programs on subjects including cosmology, astronomy, quantum mechanics, particle physics, black holes, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, consciousness, quantum biology, genius, creativity, astrobiology, extrasolar planets, psychedelics. [44] These programs have involved hundreds of scientists, technologists, and artists. [45]

Media

Brian Greene on Bookbits radio

The popularity of his books and his natural on-camera demeanor have resulted in many media appearances, including The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , [46] [47] [48] [49] Good Morning America , [50] CNN, [51] ABC News, [52] CBS News, [53] The History Channel, Conan , The Science Channel, The Discovery Channel, The Colbert Report , [54] Charlie Rose , [55] The Art Bell Show , [56] Coast to Coast AM, [57] BBC World News America , Late Show with David Letterman , [58] Radiolab , [59] and The Joe Rogan Experience . [60] He was interviewed at length by Jim Al-Khalili on the BBC radio program The Life Scientific on 28 April 2020. [61] In April 2011, Greene appeared as himself on The Big Bang Theory in the episode "The Herb Garden Germination", speaking to a small crowd about the contents of his most recent book. [28]

Greene was a technical consultant for the film Frequency , in which he also had a cameo role. He was a consultant on the 2006 time-travel movie Déjà Vu . He also had a cameo appearance as an Intel scientist in 2007's The Last Mimzy . Greene was also mentioned in the 2002 Angel episode "Supersymmetry" and in the 2008 Stargate Atlantis episode "Trio".

Greene has lectured outside of the collegiate setting, at both a general and a technical level, in more than twenty-five countries and all seven continents. In 2012, he received the Richtmyer Memorial Award, which is given annually by the American Association of Physics Teachers. [62]

In May 2013, the Science Laureates of the United States Act of 2013 (H.R. 1891; 113th Congress) was introduced into Congress. Brian Greene was listed by one commentator as a possible nominee for the position of Science Laureate, if the act were to pass. [63]

In March 2015, an Australian spider that uses waves to hunt prey, Dolomedes briangreenei , was to be named in honor of Brian Greene. [64] [65]

Recognition

Personal life

Greene is married to former ABC producer Tracy Day. [77] They have one son, Alec, and one daughter, Sophia. Greene has been vegetarian since he was nine years old and a vegan since 1997. [78] [79] [80]

Greene has stated that he regards science as being incompatible with literalist interpretations of religion and that there is much in the New Atheism movement which resonates with him because he personally does not feel the need for religious explanation. However, he is uncertain of its efficacy as a strategy for spreading a scientific worldview. [81] In an interview with The Guardian he stated: "When I'm looking to understand myself as a human, and how I fit in to the long chain of human culture that reaches back thousands of years, religion is a deeply valuable part of that story." [82]

Bibliography

Technical articles

For a full list of technical articles, consult the publication list in the INSPIRE-HEP database.

Related Research Articles

M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. Edward Witten first conjectured the existence of such a theory at a string theory conference at the University of Southern California in 1995. Witten's announcement initiated a flurry of research activity known as the second superstring revolution. Prior to Witten's announcement, string theorists had identified five versions of superstring theory. Although these theories initially appeared to be very different, work by many physicists showed that the theories were related in intricate and nontrivial ways. Physicists found that apparently distinct theories could be unified by mathematical transformations called S-duality and T-duality. Witten's conjecture was based in part on the existence of these dualities and in part on the relationship of the string theories to a field theory called eleven-dimensional supergravity.

In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string acts like a particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string. In string theory, one of the many vibrational states of the string corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries the gravitational force. Thus, string theory is a theory of quantum gravity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calabi–Yau manifold</span> Riemannian manifold with SU(n) holonomy

In algebraic and differential geometry, a Calabi–Yau manifold, also known as a Calabi–Yau space, is a particular type of manifold which has certain properties, such as Ricci flatness, yielding applications in theoretical physics. Particularly in superstring theory, the extra dimensions of spacetime are sometimes conjectured to take the form of a 6-dimensional Calabi–Yau manifold, which led to the idea of mirror symmetry. Their name was coined by Candelas et al. (1985), after Eugenio Calabi, who first conjectured that such surfaces might exist, and Shing-Tung Yau, who proved the Calabi conjecture.

T-duality in theoretical physics is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. In the simplest example of this relationship, one of the theories describes strings propagating in a spacetime shaped like a circle of some radius , while the other theory describes strings propagating on a spacetime shaped like a circle of radius proportional to . The idea of T-duality was first noted by Bala Sathiapalan in an obscure paper in 1987. The two T-dual theories are equivalent in the sense that all observable quantities in one description are identified with quantities in the dual description. For example, momentum in one description takes discrete values and is equal to the number of times the string winds around the circle in the dual description.

<i>The Elegant Universe</i> 1999 book by Brian Greene

The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory is a book by Brian Greene published in 1999, which introduces string and superstring theory, and provides a comprehensive though non-technical assessment of the theory and some of its shortcomings. In 2000, it won the Royal Society Prize for Science Books and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. A new edition was released in 2003, with an updated preface.

In algebraic geometry and theoretical physics, mirror symmetry is a relationship between geometric objects called Calabi–Yau manifolds. The term refers to a situation where two Calabi–Yau manifolds look very different geometrically but are nevertheless equivalent when employed as extra dimensions of string theory.

In mathematics and string theory, a conifold is a generalization of a manifold. Unlike manifolds, conifolds can contain conical singularities, i.e. points whose neighbourhoods look like cones over a certain base. In physics, in particular in flux compactifications of string theory, the base is usually a five-dimensional real manifold, since the typically considered conifolds are complex 3-dimensional spaces.

In theoretical physics, F-theory is a branch of string theory developed by Iranian-American physicist Cumrun Vafa. The new vacua described by F-theory were discovered by Vafa and allowed string theorists to construct new realistic vacua — in the form of F-theory compactified on elliptically fibered Calabi–Yau four-folds. The letter "F" supposedly stands for "Father" in relation to "Mother"-theory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Strominger</span> American physicist

Andrew Eben Strominger is an American theoretical physicist who is the director of Harvard's Center for the Fundamental Laws of Nature. He has made significant contributions to quantum gravity and string theory. These include his work on Calabi–Yau compactification and topology change in string theory, and on the stringy origin of black hole entropy. He is a senior fellow at the Society of Fellows, and is the Gwill E. York Professor of Physics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compactification (physics)</span> Technique in theoretical physics

In theoretical physics, compactification means changing a theory with respect to one of its space-time dimensions. Instead of having a theory with this dimension being infinite, one changes the theory so that this dimension has a finite length, and may also be periodic.

The mathematical term perverse sheaves refers to the objects of certain abelian categories associated to topological spaces, which may be a real or complex manifold, or more general topologically stratified spaces, possibly singular.

The history of string theory spans several decades of intense research including two superstring revolutions. Through the combined efforts of many researchers, string theory has developed into a broad and varied subject with connections to quantum gravity, particle and condensed matter physics, cosmology, and pure mathematics.

Calabi-Yau is a 2001 play written by playwright Susanna Speier with songs and music by Stefan Weisman, based on physicist Brian Greene's national bestseller The Elegant Universe.

In non-technical terms, M-theory presents an idea about the basic substance of the universe. Although a complete mathematical formulation of M-theory is not known, the general approach is the leading contender for a universal "Theory of Everything" that unifies gravity with other forces such as electromagnetism. M-theory aims to unify quantum mechanics with general relativity's gravitational force in a mathematically consistent way. In comparison, other theories such as loop quantum gravity are considered by physicists and researchers to be less elegant, because they posit gravity to be completely different from forces such as the electromagnetic force.

In heterotic string theory, the Strominger's equations are the set of equations that are necessary and sufficient conditions for spacetime supersymmetry. It is derived by requiring the 4-dimensional spacetime to be maximally symmetric, and adding a warp factor on the internal 6-dimensional manifold.

In theoretical physics, particularly string theory and M-theory, the notion of a flop-transition is basically the shrinking of a sphere in a Calabi–Yau space to the point of tearing. Based on typical spacetime topology, this is not possible due to mathematical technicalities. On the other hand, mirror symmetry allows for the mathematical similarity between two distinct Calabi–Yau manifolds. If one undergoes a flop-transition, the mirror of it should result in identical mathematical properties, which it does.

Doron Gepner is an Israeli theoretical physicist. He made important contributions to the study of string theory, two-dimensional conformal field theory, and integrable models.

Paul Stephen Aspinwall is a British theoretical physicist and mathematician, who works on string theory and also algebraic geometry.

Xenia de la Ossa Osegueda is a theoretical physicist whose research focuses on mathematical structures that arise in string theory. She is a professor at Oxford's Mathematical Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anamaría Font</span> Venezuelan theoretical physicist

Anamaría Font Villarroel is a Venezuelan theoretical physicist and professor of the Central University of Venezuela (UCV). Her research has been focused on models about the primordial components of matter in the context of string theory.

References

  1. ↑ "The Mathematics Genealogy Project – Brian Greene". Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
  2. ↑ Yau, Shing-Tung, ed. (1992). Essays on mirror manifolds. International series in mathematical physics. Hong Kong: International Press. ISBN   978-962-7670-01-8.
  3. ↑ "NOVA: The Elegant Universe with Brian Greene". The Peabody Awards. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  4. ↑ harvardgazette (May 28, 2015). "Five Harvard Overseers elected". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  5. ↑ "Board of Sponsors". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  6. ↑ Literature = art + science, February 12, 2009, Rebecca Abrams, JC
  7. ↑ JR Minkel (Spring 2006). "The String is The Thing – Brian Greene Unravels the Fabric of the Universe". Columbia Magazine. Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
  8. ↑ Greene, B.; Greene, Brian (1986). Thesis Superstrings (Thesis). University of Oxford.
  9. ↑ "Brian Greene - Department of Physics". physics.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013.
  10. ↑ Thesis Brian Randolph Greene: Superstrings - website of Oxford University Research Archive
  11. ↑ "The Hidden Reality by Brian Greene | book review" . Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  12. ↑ "Brian Greene". To The Best Of Our Knowledge. April 8, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  13. 1 2 "Brian Greene | Biography, Books, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. January 4, 2025. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  14. ↑ admin. "Physics Research". Brian Greene. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  15. ↑ Candelas, P.; Horowitz, Gary T.; Strominger, Andrew; Witten, Edward (January 1, 1985). "Vacuum configurations for superstrings". Nuclear Physics B. 258: 46–74. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(85)90602-9. ISSN   0550-3213.
  16. ↑ Greene, B. R.; Plesser, M. R. (July 2, 1990). "Duality in Calabi-Yau moduli space". Nuclear Physics B. 338 (1): 15–37. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(90)90622-K. ISSN   0550-3213.
  17. ↑ Aspinwall, Paul S.; Greene, Brian R.; Morrison, David R. (April 15, 1993). "Multiple mirror manifolds and topology change in string theory". Physics Letters B. 303 (3): 249–259. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(93)91428-P. ISSN   0370-2693.
  18. ↑ Aspinwall, Paul S.; Greene, Brian R.; Morrison, David R. (March 28, 1994). "Calabi-Yau moduli space, mirror manifolds and spacetime topology change in string theory". Nuclear Physics B. 416 (2): 414–480. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(94)90321-2. ISSN   0550-3213.
  19. 1 2 Greene, Brian R.; Morrison, David R.; Strominger, Andrew (September 25, 1995). "Black hole condensation and the unification of string vacua". Nuclear Physics B. 451 (1): 109–120. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(95)00371-X. ISSN   0550-3213.
  20. ↑ Connes, Alain; Gawędzki, K.; Zinn-Justin, Jean, eds. (1998). Symétries quantiques =: Quantum symmetries: Les Houches, session LXIV, 1 Août - 8 Septembre 1995. Amsterdam ; New York: Elsevier Science. pp. 387–471. ISBN   978-0-444-82867-5.
  21. ↑ Easther, Richard; Greene, Brian R.; Kinney, William H.; Shiu, Gary (July 22, 2002). "Generic estimate of trans-Planckian modifications to the primordial power spectrum in inflation". Physical Review D. 66 (2): 023518. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.66.023518.
  22. ↑ Greene, Brian; Kabat, Daniel; Marnerides, Stefanos (August 25, 2010). "Dynamical decompactification and three large dimensions". Physical Review D. 82 (4): 043528. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.82.043528.
  23. ↑ Greene, Brian; Kabat, Daniel; Levin, Janna; Porrati, Massimo (January 27, 2023). "Back to the future: Causality on a moving braneworld". Physical Review D. 107 (2): 025016. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.025016.
  24. ↑ Greene, Brian; Kabat, Daniel; Levin, Janna; Menon, Arjun S. (October 10, 2022). "Superluminal propagation on a moving braneworld". Physical Review D. 106 (8): 085001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.106.085001.
  25. ↑ Greene, Brian (2003). The elegant universe: superstrings, hidden dimensions, and the quest for the ultimate theory. New York London: Norton. ISBN   978-0-393-33810-2.
  26. ↑ "Profile of Brian Greene". Royce Carlton Incorporated. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  27. ↑ Greene, Brian (2005). The fabric of the cosmos: space, time, and the texture of reality (First Vintage books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. ISBN   978-0-375-72720-7.
  28. 1 2 Ferris, Timothy (February 4, 2011). "Expanding Horizons". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
  29. ↑ Greene, Brian (2011). The hidden reality: parallel universes and the deep laws of the cosmos (1. Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN   978-0-307-27812-8.
  30. ↑ Greene, Brian (2020). Until the end of time: mind, matter, and our search for meaning in an evolving universe (First ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf Books. ISBN   978-1-5247-3167-0.
  31. ↑ "NOVA: The Elegant Universe with Brian Greene" . Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  32. ↑ "The Fabric of the Cosmos". www.pbs.org. November 2, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  33. ↑ "PBS Programs Nominated for 37 News & Documentary Emmys". About PBS - Main. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  34. ↑ "Brian Green Featured on ABC Nightline in Prime Time". www.phys-l.org. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  35. 1 2 "Icarus at the Edge of Time". World Science Festival. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  36. ↑ "Light Falls: Space, Time & An Obsession of Einstein – Gerald W. Lynch Theater" . Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  37. ↑ "Light Falls". Light Falls. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  38. ↑ "Opening Night: Time, Creativity, and the Cosmos". World Science Festival. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  39. ↑ "Who We Are". World Science Festival. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  40. ↑ "About the World Science Festival". World Science Festival. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  41. ↑ Eskenazi, Gerald (May 28, 2019). "Add This To Your Calendar In New York: The Fascinating Science Festival". Forbes. Retrieved October 14, 2019.Eskenazi, Gerald (May 28, 2019). "Add This To Your Calendar In New York: The Fascinating Science Festival". Forbes. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  42. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (June 3, 2008). "An Overflowing Five-Day Banquet of Science and Its Meanings". The New York Times . Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  43. ↑ "About". World Science Festival. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  44. ↑ "Video Library". World Science Festival. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  45. ↑ "Participants". World Science Festival. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  46. ↑ The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (November 12, 2015). Brian Greene Explains That Whole General Relativity Thing . Retrieved January 23, 2025– via YouTube.
  47. ↑ The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (February 25, 2016). Gravitational Waves Hit The Late Show . Retrieved January 23, 2025– via YouTube.
  48. ↑ The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (May 26, 2016). Brian Greene Explains The Most Powerful Explosions In The Universe . Retrieved January 23, 2025– via YouTube.
  49. ↑ The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (June 29, 2017). Brian Greene Makes Stuff Levitate. Seriously . Retrieved January 23, 2025– via YouTube.
  50. ↑ America, Good Morning. "Author Brian Greene reflects on the beginning and possible end of time". Good Morning America. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  51. ↑ Fusion breakthrough: ‘Scientifically huge. Technologically, big leaps yet to come’, says Brian Greene | CNN. December 14, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2025– via www.cnn.com.
  52. ↑ "Where we came from, and where we're going". ABC listen. April 13, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  53. ↑ ""Enormously distressing": Leading scientist reacts to poll on scientific beliefs - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  54. ↑ "Brian Greene", The Colbert Report, Stephen Colbert, Brian Greene, November 28, 2005, retrieved January 23, 2025{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  55. ↑ Brian Greene - Charlie Rose . Retrieved January 23, 2025– via charlierose.com.
  56. ↑ "Art Bell: Somewhere in Time". Coast to Coast AM. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  57. ↑ "Brian Greene". Coast to Coast AM. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  58. ↑ annas890 (January 3, 2010). Brian Greene on David Letterman . Retrieved January 23, 2025– via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  59. ↑ "The (Multi) Universe(s)". Radiolab Podcasts | WNYC Studios. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  60. ↑ "Brian Greene Episodes - Joe Rogan Podcast". JRE Podcast. April 8, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  61. ↑ "BBC The Life Scientific" . Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  62. ↑ "Brian Greene Recognized as 2012 Recipient of the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture Award". American Association of Physics Teachers. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
  63. ↑ Marlow, Jeffrey (May 9, 2013). "The Science Laureate of the United States". Wired . Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  64. ↑ Mitchell-Whittington, Amy (March 9, 2016). "Brisbane welcomes world renowned physicist by naming spider after him". Brisbane Times . Archived from the original on October 20, 2017.
  65. ↑ Lewis, Danny. "Recently Discovered Spider Is Named After Physicist Brian Greene". Smithsonian .
  66. ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 0074126 - Focused Research Group: Calabi-Yau Manifolds and their Applications". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  67. ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 9258582 - NSF Young Investigator". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  68. ↑ "Grants | Alfred P. Sloan Foundation". sloan.org. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  69. ↑ "Aventis Prizes for Science Books 2000". Nature. 405 (6786): 513–513. June 2000. doi:10.1038/35014700. ISSN   1476-4687.
  70. ↑ "Finalist: The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory, by Brian Greene (W.W. Norton)". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  71. ↑ "Brian Greene wins 2003 Gemant Award from AIP - AIP.ORG". AIP. January 3, 2003. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  72. ↑ "NOVA: The Elegant Universe with Brian Greene". The Peabody Awards. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  73. ↑ "PBK - Phi Beta Kappa's Award in Science past winners". www.pbk.org. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  74. ↑ "Urban Visionaries". The Cooper Union. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  75. ↑ "Brian Greene 2012 Richtmyer Award". aapt.org. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  76. ↑ "Pupin Medal | Columbia Engineering". www.engineering.columbia.edu. May 31, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  77. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (June 3, 2008). "An Overflowing Five-Day Banquet of Science and Its Meanings". The New York Times.
  78. ↑ Boss, Shira. "Brian Greene Has the World on a String". Columbia College Today. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
  79. ↑ "Consciousness Emerges in the Ash of Stellar Alchemy". Flickr. August 12, 2007. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  80. ↑ "Scientists and inventors on vegetarianism". Archived from the original on May 11, 2013.
  81. ↑ "An Interview with Brian Greene". oxonianreview.org. April 3, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013.
  82. ↑ "Physicist Brian Greene: 'Factual information is not the right yardstick for religion'". TheGuardian.com . February 8, 2020.

Further reading

  1. ↑ Online version is titled "String theorist Brian Greene wants to help you understand the cold, cruel universe".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.