| Brown cacholote | |
|---|---|
 | |
| At Santa Fe Province, Argentina | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Pseudoseisura |
| Species: | P. lophotes |
| Binomial name | |
| Pseudoseisura lophotes (Reichenbach, 1853) | |
 | |
The brown cacholote (Pseudoseisura lophotes) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. [2]
The brown cacholote's taxonomy is unsettled. The International Ornithological Committee and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World assign it two subspecies, the nominate P. l. lophotes (Reichenbach, 1853) and P. l. argentina (Parkes, 1960). [2] [3] The Clements taxonomy does not recognize P. l. argentina, treating the brown cacholote as monotypic. [4]
This article follows the two-subspecies model.
The brown cacholote is 24 to 26 cm (9.4 to 10 in) long and weighs 63 to 79 g (2.2 to 2.8 oz). It is one of the largest furnariids and with its prominent crest somewhat resembles a jay. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a dark rufous face. Their forehead is dark reddish brown and their crown and crest darker brown with a streaked look. Their hindcrown is bright rufous, their "collar" and upper back duller rufous, the rest of their back even duller rufous, their rump bright rufous, and their uppertail coverts a darker rufous. Their wing coverts are dark rufous-brown with paler feather tips and their flight feathers dark fuscous brown with narrow pale brownish edges. Their tail is dark rufous; the feathers have few barbs on their ends. Their throat is bright cinnamon-rufous. Their breast and upper belly are darker with pale feather tips on the latter. Their lower belly, flanks, and undertail coverts are more rufescent with the same "frosty" pattern of pale feather tips. Their iris is yellow to buff-yellow, their maxilla black with a gray base, their mandible blackish with a light gray base, and their legs and feet grayish olive to dull greenish. Juveniles have a shorter crest than adults, with some mottling on the underparts and a greenish iris. Subspecies P. l. argentina is overall darker than the nominate, with the front of its crest more rufous. [5]
The nominate subspecies of the brown cacholote is found in southern Bolivia and western Paraguay. Subspecies P. l. argentina is found in northern and central Argentina, far southern Brazil, and Uruguay. The species inhabits tropical deciduous forest, the edges of gallery forest, chaco woodlands and scrublands, and parks and gardens in urban areas. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to 900 m (3,000 ft). [2] [5] [6]
The brown cacholote is a year-round resident throughout its range. [5]
The brown cacholote feeds primarily on arthropods but also includes eggs of other birds, seeds, and fruit in its diet. It usually forages in pairs or with other brown cacholotes. It feeds mostly on the ground, gleaning, probing, and digging in soil and leaf litter. It has also been observed flaking dung and hammering and pulling on bark and leaf buds. [5]
The brown cacholote breeds in the austral spring and summer; eggs have been noted between September and February. It is monogamous and is thought to mate for life. Its nest is a mass of sticks about half again as long as it is wide with an entrance tube on its side and an inner chamber that is sometimes lined with smaller and softer material. It is supported by and partially incorporates a tree branch, typically about 4 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) above the ground. The clutch size is two to four eggs. The incubation period is 18 to 20 days and fledging occurs 18 to 23 days after hatch. Both adults incubate the clutch and brood and provision nestlings. [5]
The brown cacholote's song is an "[u]musical duet of well-spaced, grating notes, intermixed with soft, descending 'tjew' notes". [6] Its call is "krok". [5]
The IUCN has assessed the brown cacholote as being of Least Concern. It has large range and an unknown population size that is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. [1] It is considered uncommon to fairly common and occurs in several protected areas. [5]
The streaked tuftedcheek is a passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The plain-mantled tit-spinetail is a small passerine bird of South America in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.
The short-billed canastero is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
The cactus canastero is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru.
The rusty-vented canastero, or creamy-breasted canastero, is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia.
The many-striped canastero is a species of passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The cordilleran canastero is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.
The sharp-billed canastero or lesser canastero is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and has also occurred as a vagrant in Brazil.
The pale-browed treehunter is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil.
The stout-billed cinclodes is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.
The rufous-banded miner is a species of bird in the subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile.
The sharp-billed treehunter, sometimes called the sharp-billed xenops, is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
The rufous-fronted thornbird, or common thornbird, is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru.
The chestnut-winged foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The rufous-tailed foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, and possibly French Guiana.
The buff-fronted foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.
The white-throated cacholote is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Argentina.
The grey-crested cacholote is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay.
The black-tailed leaftosser is a species of bird in the subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The pale-tailed canastero, is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru.
