The true whelks occur worldwide in all seas from tropical oceans to the cold seas of the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean.[2] They are found from the intertidal to the bathypelagic zones. Most prefer a solid bottom, but some inhabit sandy substrates.
Description
A siphon whelk Penion ormesi, collected from Golden Bay in New Zealand.
The shells of species in this family are moderate to large in size, conical to fusiform in shape. The shell often has deep sutures. The shell surface is generally smooth, sometimes with a spiral and/ or axial sculpture. The thickness of the shell is more pronounced in tropical shallow-water species, while the shell of species living in moderate and colder waters is generally thin or moderately thin. The top of the whorls are more or less shouldered. The radial ribs of the shell sometimes show shoulder knobs. The aperture is large with a well-defined siphonal canal. The rim of the aperture is sometimes used to pry open the shell of bivalves. The aperture is closed by a horny operculum.
The soft body is elongated and spiral. The head has two conical, depressed tentacles which bear the eyes on a lobe or prominence at their base. The mouth contains a long, cylindrical, annulated proboscis and a small tongue. The mantle forms a thin-edged flap over the branchial cavity. On the left side, it has an elongated, open canal, that emerges by a notch or groove in the shell. The two gills are elongated, unequal and pectinate (i.e. in a comb-like arrangement). The large foot is generally broad.[4]
True whelks are carnivores and scavengers.[2] They feed on clams, carrion, and sometimes even on detritus. Their sense of smell is very well-developed; they can sense chemical signals from their prey from a considerable distance with their osphradia. Many whelks are capable of boring through the shell of bivalves, and because of this, some species cause much harm in oyster farms. True whelks can even attack fish caught in a net by extending their probosces to twice the length of their own bodies.
The female whelk lays spongy egg capsules with hundreds of eggs. These form round clusters or a tower-shaped masses. Only about 10% of these eggs hatch. The larvae then feed on the rest of the eggs that have not yet hatched.
The flesh of the common northern whelk, Buccinum undatum, is much appreciated by connoisseurs as a food item, but its consumption is currently somewhat in decline.
The empty shell of a whelk is often used by the hermit crab to make its home.
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), followed by the revision in 2022 by Kantor, Y.I., Fedosov, A.E., Kosyan, A.R., Puillandre, N., Sorokin, P.A., Kano, Y., Clark, R. N. & Bouchet, P.,the family Buccinidae consists of six subfamilies:
The subfamily Pisaniinae has been raised to the status of family Pisaniidae in 2009 by Galindo, L. A.; Puillandre, N.; Utge, J.; Lozouet, P.; Bouchet, P.[3]
TritonelliumValenciennes, 1858: synonym of TritoniumO. F. Müller, 1776 accepted as BuccinumLinnaeus, 1758 (unnecessary replacement name for TritoniumO. F. Müller, 1776, by Valenciennes considered a homonym of TritoniaCuvier)
Tritonidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Cantharus Röding, 1798
ThysanobuccinumA. N. Golikov & Gulbin, 1980: synonym of BuccinumLinnaeus, 1758
Tritonofusus Beck, 1847: synonym of Colus Röding, 1798
TurrivolutopsiusTiba & Kosuge, 1979: synonym of VolutopsiusMörch, 1857 (unavailable name: no description or diagnosis)
UkkoFriele, 1893: synonym of BeringiusDall, 1887 (unnecessary nom. nov. pro JumalaFriele, 1882, rejected as "improper";)
VolutopsionT. Habe & Ki. Ito, 1965: synonym of VolutopsiusMörch, 1857 (junior subjective synonym)
References
1 2 Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Buccinidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149 on 2010-12-30
1 2 3 Vaux, Felix; Hills, Simon F.K.; Marshall, Bruce A.; Trewick, Steven A.; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2017). "A phylogeny of Southern Hemisphere whelks (Gastropoda: Buccinulidae) and concordance with the fossil record". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 114 (2017): 367–381. Bibcode:2017MolPE.114..367V. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.018. PMID28669812.
Hayashi S. (2005). "The molecular phylogeny of the Buccinidae (Caenogastropoda: Neogastropoda) as inferred from the complete mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences of selected representatives". Molluscan Research25(2): 85-98. abstractPDF
Bouchet Ph. & Waren A. (1985). "Mollusca Gastropoda: Taxonomical notes on tropical deep water Buccinidae with descriptions of new taxa". Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Sér. A. 133: 457–518.
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