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The interleukin 4 is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells to Th2 cells. Upon activation by IL-4, Th2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 is produced primarily by mast cells, Th2 cells, eosinophils and basophils. It is closely related and has functions similar to interleukin 13.
49,XXXXY syndrome is an extremely rare aneuploidic sex chromosomal abnormality. It occurs in approximately 1 out of 85,000 to 100,000 males. This syndrome is the result of maternal non-disjunction during both meiosis I and II. It was first diagnosed in 1960 and was coined Fraccaro syndrome after the researcher.
Chemokine ligand 24 (CCL24) also known as myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 2 (MPIF-2) or eosinophil chemotactic protein 2 (eotaxin-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL24 gene. This gene is located on human chromosome 7.
Endothelial progenitor cell is a term that has been applied to multiple different cell types that play roles in the regeneration of the endothelial lining of blood vessels. Outgrowth endothelial cells are an EPC subtype committed to endothelial cell formation. Despite the history and controversy, the EPC in all its forms remains a promising target of regenerative medicine research.
A thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid gland, that may be inactive or active as a toxic adenoma.
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Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIGLEC8 gene. This gene is located on chromosome 19q13.4, about 330 kb downstream of the SIGLEC9 gene. Within the siglec family of transmembrane proteins, Siglec-8 belongs to the CD33-related siglec subfamily, a subfamily that has undergone rapid evolution.
Spermatocytic tumor, previously called spermatocytic seminoma, is a neoplasm of the testis, and classified as a germ cell tumour.
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Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) is a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia featuring elevated numbers of macrophages within the alveoli of the lung. The alveolar macrophages have a characteristic light brown pigmentation and accumulate in the alveolar lumen and septa regions of the lower lobes of the lungs. The typical effects of the macrophage accumulation are inflammation and later fibrosis of the lung tissue.
Respiratory bronchiolitis is a lung disease associated with tobacco smoking. In pathology, it is defined by the presence of "smoker's macrophages". When manifesting significant clinical symptoms it is referred to as respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD).
CFU-GEMM is a colony forming unit that generates myeloid cells. CFU-GEMM cells are the oligopotential progenitor cells for myeloid cells; they are thus also called common myeloid progenitor cells or myeloid stem cells. "GEMM" stands for granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte.
CFU-Meg is a colony forming unit. Haematopoiesis in the bone marrow starts off from a haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and this can differentiate into the myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages. In order to eventually produce a megakaryocyte, the haematopoietic stem cell must generate myeloid cells, so it becomes a common myeloid progenitor, CFU-GEMM. This in turn develops into CFU-Meg, which is the colony forming unit that leads to the production of megakaryocytes.
CFU-Baso is a colony forming unit. that gives rise to basophils. Some sources use the term "CFU-Bas".
Nonthrombocytopenic purpura is a type of purpura not associated with thrombocytopenia.
The megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell is a cell that gives rise to megakaryocytes and erythrocytes.
References
- ↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 621. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
- ↑ Pandit TS, Sikora L, Muralidhar G, Rao SP, Sriramarao P (November 2006). "Sustained exposure to nicotine leads to extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen". Stem Cells. 24 (11): 2373–81. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0447 . PMID 16825610. S2CID 19378416. Archived from the original on 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ↑ Mori Y, Iwasaki H, Kohno K, et al. (January 2009). "Identification of the human eosinophil lineage-committed progenitor: revision of phenotypic definition of the human common myeloid progenitor". J. Exp. Med. 206 (1): 183–93. doi:10.1084/jem.20081756. PMC 2626675 . PMID 19114669.
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