patron saint of Roman emperors, has replaced and Christianized the cult of Julius Caesar and Augustus; invoked against drowning, flooding, and for the good success of Caesarean section.
The "Passio" (story of martyrdom) of Saint Caesarius is set in Terracina, harbor town near Rome and Naples, under the pagan emperor Trajan (r. 98–117).
Caesarius, belonging to the ancient and illustrious gens Julia, after a shipwreck, arrived in Terracina to preach the Gospel to poor people. In this Roman city, each year on the first day of January, a ceremony of self-immolation took place to assure the health and salvation of the Empire. A young man was pampered with material delights and fulfilled in all his wishes for eight months; then he was obliged to mount on a richly harnessed horse, climb up to the summit of city's cliff and throw himself into the void, with the recalcitrant horse, to crash against the rocks and perish in the waves in honour of the god Apollo, as a propitiatory offering for the prosperity of the state and the emperors. The deacon Caesarius denounced this pagan custom and protested: "Alas for a state and emperors who persuade by tortures and are fattened on the outpouring of blood".[2]
The priest of Apollo named Firminus had him arrested and taken before Leontius, Roman consul of Campania. During the interrogation, he refused to sacrifice to the pagan god of the sun and light, and his prayers "caused" the temple of Apollo to collapse (located in the Forum), killing the pagan Firminus. Caesarius was then locked up in jail and, after twenty-two months, he was taken to the Forum to be judged. He asked permission to pray: a radiant light blazed down on him, and the pagan consul Leontius was thereupon converted and sought baptism; he died shortly after (October 30).[3]
The 1st of November of the year 107 A.D., Luxurius, governor of the city, tied Caesarius and Julian (a local presbyter) up together in a sack and flung them into the sea, from a cliff called "Pisco Montano".[4]
In this way the deacon Caesarius was martyred, although not before prophesying the death of Luxurius, bitten by a poisonous viper.[5]
Caesarius and Julian, on that same day, were thrown back onto the shore and were buried by Eusebius, a servant of God, near the town of Terracina.[6][7][8]
Cult: Caesarius as an imperial saint
Caesarius' feast day is 1 November. From the early Christian age, Caesarius of Terracina was the saint chosen for his name to consecrate the places that already belonged to the pagan Caesars to the faith of Christ.[9] The name Caesarius means "devoted to Caesar" and is therefore linked to the great Roman leader Julius Caesar, and to the Roman emperors as their name was precisely "Caesar". Saint Caesarius, therefore, replaced the cult of the Caesars, very difficult to eradicate because it was founded on the national self-love of the Romans[10][11].The analogy between the name of the saint and that of the rooms called Caesareum or Augusteum, reserved in Roman public buildings for the cult of the emperors, has always been connected with the precise will of the Church to supplant devotion to the deceased sovereigns of Rome (rather important in paganism) with the one more tolerable towards a Christian martyr.[12]
The Palatine in the Middle Ages became a ceremonial space, rarely inhabited by the designated occupant: the emperor. In the imperial palaces of the Colle we do not find a multitude of new saints, but a single saint to strengthen the imperial majesty: Saint Caesarius.[13]
In the 4th century, the Emperor Valentinian I's daughter was healed at his shrine in Terracina.[14] The emperor then moved his relics to Rome, first to a church on the Palatine Hill, and then to a new San Cesareo in Palatio near the Appian Way. The imperial chapel was named after Caesarius by Valentinian III.[15] It has been noted that Caesarius's passio revolves around the good health or prosperity (salus) of the Roman Empire, borrowing the overtones of his name to suggest that the well-being of the state rested more solidly on Christian foundations than on its pagan past.[13]
Caesarius is the protector of Caesarean sections.[16] Saint Caesarius is invoked against river floods and drownings (in memory of his martyrdom), and for defence against lightning, earthquakes and meteorological calamities.[17]
Art: precious manuscripts
The first illustrations of the history of St. Caesarius are found in precious illuminated manuscripts. Most of these manuscripts date back to the Middle Ages.
In the British Library of London in a "Passionale", a Latin manuscript, made in 1110 for the Monastery of Saint Augustine in Canterbury (describes the lives of the Saints from September 21st to November 9th), there is the text of the Passion of Saint Caesarius of Terracina with historiated initial which represents "Martyrdom of St Caesarius" (BL Arundel MS 91, f. 188r.).[18]
In the Morgan Library of New York in the “Book of Hours”, made in 1465 in Langres, France,[19] there is the miniature of “Saint Caesarius” (MS G.55 fol. 132v).
In the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, in the Department of Manuscripts, the Speculum Historiale by Vincent of Beauvais (translation by Jean de Vignay) is kept, made in 1463. In this manuscript the "Passio S. Caesarii" is described with different miniatures of the life of the saints Caesarius and Julian.[20]
Relics
The relics of the Saint Caesarius deacon and martyr are preserved in the Basilica Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome (basalt urn of high altar), in the Basilica of San Frediano of Lucca, Tuscany (urn with six bones), and in Terracina Cathedral (urn with two shins and a reliquary arm).
From March 30 to June 30, 2015, the silver reliquary arm of St. Caesarius preserved in Terracina Cathedral was exhibited at the exhibition entitled "Precious sculptures: sacred jewelry in Lazio" set up in the Braccio di Carlo Magno, in St. Peter's Square, in the Vatican, by the will of Antonio Paolucci, Director of the Vatican Museums.[21]
Bone fragments of St. Caesarius (with the cartouche in Latin "S. Caesarii diac. m.") are preserved in Sancta Sanctorum of Roma, in Cathedral of Monreale (Palermo, Italy); in Treasury of the Collegiate of St. Peter and St. Alexander in the Museum of the Chapter of the Rectory of Aschaffenburg (Germany); in Essen Minster; in the Museum Frederic Marès of Barcelona; in the Museum de la Visitation, Moulins (France); in the Museum São Roque of Lisbon. In the municipality of St. Marys (Kansas, United States of America) on May 3, 2023 Bishop Bernard Fellay consecrated the main altar of the majestic Basilica of the Immaculate Conception with a first class relic of St. Caesarius deacon and martyr of Terracina and of Sant'Emerentiana (sister of Sant'Agnese)
Relic of St. Caesarius deacon and martyr, Cathedral of St. Raphael and St. Patrick Church, Dubuque (Iowa)
Netcong, St. Michael's Church, Pact of Sister Cities between Cesa in honor of St. Cesario martyr, July 20, 2019
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↑ De Smedt C. -Van Hoof G. - De Backer J., Acta sanctorum novembris, tomus I, Parisiis 1887
↑ Amore Agostino, Cesario e Giuliano, santi martiri di Terracina, in Bibliotheca Sanctorum, III, Città del Vaticano 1963, coll. 1154-1155
↑ Caesarius Diaconus, testi e illustrazioni di Giovanni Guida, [s.l.: s.n.], 2015
↑ Sabine Baring-Gould, The Lives of the Saints, 1, J. Hodges., 1877
↑ Thomas F. Head, Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology, Psychology Press, 2001
↑ Moralità cristiane in ossequio di San Cesario diacono, e martire protettore di Terracina, Roma, Stamperia di Antonio de' Rossi, 1753
↑ Domenico Antonio Contatore, De Historia Terracinensi Libri Quinque, Romae, 1706
↑ Lugli Giuseppe, Forma Italiae, Regio I, Latium et Campania, I, Ager Pomptinus, Pars I, Anxur-Terracina, Roma 1926
↑ Dissertazioni della Pontificia Accademia romana di archeologia, Tipografia della Pace, 1907
↑ Bullettino della Commissione archeologica comunale di Roma, coi tipi del Salviucci, 1906
↑ Del Lungo Stefano La toponomastica archeologica della Provincia di Roma, Volume 2, Regione Lazio, Assessorato politiche per la promozione della cultura, dello spettacolo e del turismo, 1996
1 2 Maya Maskarinec, City of Saints: Rebuilding Rome in the Early Middle Ages, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018
↑ S. G. A. Luff, The Christian's Guide to Rome, Fordham University Press, 1967
↑ Michael Perham, The communion of saints, published for the Alcuin Club by S.P.C.K., 1980
↑ Pasero Roberta, Cesareo di Terracina, un santo poco conosciuto: è il protettore del parto cesareo, in "DiPiù", anno XIV, n° 48, 3 dicembre 2018
1 2 Ex ossibus S. Caesarii: Ricomposizione delle reliquie di San Cesario diacono e martire di Terracina, testi ed illustrazioni di Giovanni Guida, [s.l.: s.n.], 2017
↑ Henry Shaw, Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages, Volume 1, H. G. Bohn, 1858
↑ Pamela Robinson, The History of the Book in the West: 400AD-1455, Volume 1, Routledge, 2017
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