Calumma

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Calumma
Temporal range: 17.9–0  Ma
Calumma Parsonii Ste Marie Madagascar.jpg
Calumma parsonii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Chamaeleonidae
Subfamily: Chamaeleoninae
Genus: Calumma
Gray, 1865
Type species
Chamaeleon cucullatus
Gray, 1831
Diversity
41 species
Glaw's chameleon (Calumma glawi) Glaw's chameleon (Calumma glawi) Ranomafana.jpg
Glaw's chameleon (Calumma glawi)

Calumma is a genus of chameleons, highly adapted and specialised lizards, in the family Chamaeleonidae. The genus is endemic to the island of Madagascar. One species, formerly known as Calumma tigris (the Seychelles tiger chameleon), was transferred to the genus Archaius in 2010, upon the discovery of its closer relation to Rieppeleon —one of several genera referred to collectively as "leaf" or "pygmy" chameleons—rather than to Calumma. [1] The earliest known fossil of the genus is of Calumma benovskyi , from early Miocene Kenya, showing that the genus likely originated on mainland East Africa. [2] The genus includes one of the heaviest and longest chameleon species, the Parson's chameleon (Calumma parsonii). [3]

Contents

Species groups

Four species groups are recognised within the genus Calumma (originally proposed by Glaw & Vences in 1994 [4] ), some of which may be only phenetic, while others are phylogenetically supported: [5] [6]

Calumma furcifer species group

Contents: Calumma furcifer, C. gastrotaenia, C. marojezense, C. guillaumeti, C. andringitraense, C. glawi, C. vencesi

Species characterised by typically green body colouration, sleek body form, and generally no occipital lobes (flaps of skin posterior to the head; present only in C. glawi) and no rostral appendage (present only in males of C. furcifer). [4]

Calumma cucullatum species group

Contents: Calumma cucullatum, C. crypticum, C. amber, C. tsaratananense, C. hafahafa, C. hilleniusi, C. peltierorum, C. malthe, C. brevicorne, C. jejy, C. tsycorne

Species characterised by distinct occipital lobes and generally a single bony rostral appendage that is larger in males than females. [4]

Calumma nasutum species group

Contents: Calumma nasutum, C. fallax, C. gallus, C. guibei, C. boettgeri, C. linotum, C. gehringi, C. uetzi, C. lefona, C. juliae, C. vatosoa, C. vohibola, C. peyrierasi, C. roaloko

Species characterised by a soft dermal rostral appendage (generally present in males and absent in females). [4] The following members possess occipital lobes: C. guibei, C. boettgeri, C. linotum, C. gehringi, C. uetzi, C. lefona, C. roaloko, and C. juliae. [7] [8] These taxa are collectively referred to as the C. guibei species complex. [5] [7] Occipital lobes are absent from all other species. [4] The assignment of C. peyrierasi to this group remains a subject of uncertainty. [9]

Calumma parsonii species group

Contents: Calumma globifer, C. ambreense, C. oshaughnessyi, C. parsonii, C. capuroni

Species characterised by large body size, males with paired rostral appendages, and some species with small occipital lobes. [4]

Species

The following 41 species are recognized as being valid as of October 2020:

Nota bene : A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Calumma.

Related Research Articles

<i>Paroedura</i> Genus of lizards

Paroedura is a genus of geckos, endemic to Madagascar and the Comoros. These geckos are typically terrestrial, though the young of most species can climb until they are too heavy for their feet to support.

<i>Uroplatus</i> Genus of lizards

Uroplatus is a genus of geckos, commonly referred to as leaf-tail geckos or flat-tailed geckos, which are endemic to Madagascar and its coastal islands, such as Nosy Be. They are nocturnal, insectivorous lizards found exclusively in primary and secondary forest.

<i>Brookesia</i> Genus of lizards

Brookesia is a genus of chameleons, lizards in the family Chamaeleonidae. The genus is endemic to Madagascar. Member species range from small to very small in size, and are known collectively as leaf chameleons. Brookesia includes species considered to be the world's smallest chameleons, and are also among the smallest reptiles. Members of the genus Brookesia are largely brown, and most are essentially terrestrial.

<i>Brookesia peyrierasi</i> Species of lizard

Brookesia peyrierasi is a species of diminutive chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to north-eastern Madagascar. It is known commonly as Peyrieras's pygmy chameleon, named after the herpetologist André Peyriéras.

<i>Brookesia betschi</i> Species of lizard

Brookesia betschi, commonly known as Blanc's leaf chameleon or the Marojejy leaf chameleon, is a species of lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

<i>Brookesia griveaudi</i> Species of lizard

Brookesia griveaudi, commonly known as the Marojejy leaf chameleon, is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to northeastern Madagascar. It was described as a species new to science by Brygoo, Blanc, and Domergue in 1974. It is listed as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

<i>Brookesia therezieni</i> Species of lizard

Brookesia therezieni, also known as the Perinet leaf chameleon, is a species of lizards in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to eastern Madagascar. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classed the species as Least Concern. B. therezieni was initially described as a species new to science by Édouard-Raoul Brygoo and Charles Antoine Domergue in 1970.

<i>Brookesia thieli</i> Species of lizard

Brookesia thieli, commonly also known as Domergue's leaf chameleon or Thiel's pygmy chameleon, is a species of lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to eastern Madagascar, with a type locality of Ambodimanga, Andapa. It was first described in 1969 by Édouard-Raoul Brygoo and Charles Antoine Domergue, and it was ranked by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as "least concern". B. thieli is thought to be found over an area of 43,865 km2 (16,936 sq mi) at 875–1,200 m (2,871–3,937 ft) above sea level.

<i>Calumma amber</i> Species of lizard

Calumma amber, commonly known as the Amber Mountain chameleon, is a species of chameleons endemic to Antsiranana Province, Madagascar. The species was first observed in 1989 and was first described in 2006, and can only be found in the northernmost portion of the northern Diana Region of Madagascar, on and around Montagne d'Amber National Park. C. amber was originally considered to be a population of C. brevicorne.

<i>Calumma nasutum</i> Species of lizard

Calumma nasutum, the Madagascar pimple-nose chameleon, is a small species of chameleon found in Madagascar. The taxonomic identity of the species is currently uncertain and in need of revision, and this revision is likely to result in several newly described species. Several different data sets indicate that C. nasutum is a complex of several species.

<i>Calumma crypticum</i> Species of lizard

Calumma crypticum, commonly known as the cryptic chameleon or blue-legged chameleon, is a species of chameleon found in eastern Madagascar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vences's chameleon</span> Species of lizard

Vences's chameleon is a species of lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

<i>Calumma andringitraense</i> Species of lizard

Calumma andringitraense is a species of chameleon endemic to Madagascar. It was originally considered a subspecies of Calumma gastrotaenia, the Perinet chameleon.

<i>Calumma boettgeri</i> Species of lizard

Calumma boettgeri is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

<i>Calumma capuroni</i> Species of lizard

Calumma capuroni is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

<i>Calumma glawi</i> Species of lizard

Calumma glawi is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

<i>Calumma guibei</i> Species of lizard

Calumma guibei, also known commonly as Guibé's chameleon, is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

<i>Calumma guillaumeti</i> Species of lizard

Calumma guillaumeti is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

<i>Calumma hilleniusi</i> Species of lizard

Calumma hilleniusi is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

References

  1. ↑ Townsend TM, Tolley KA, Glaw F, Böhme W [in German], Vences M (2010). "Eastward from Africa: palaeocurrent-mediated chameleon dispersal to the Seychelles islands". Biology Letters. 7 (2): 225–228. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0701. PMC   3061160 . PMID   20826471.
  2. ↑ Čerňanský, Andrej; Herrel, Anthony; Kibii, Job M.; Anderson, Christopher V.; Boistel, Renaud; Lehmann, Thomas (December 2020). "The only complete articulated early Miocene chameleon skull (Rusinga Island, Kenya) suggests an African origin for Madagascar's endemic chameleons". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 109. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..109C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57014-5. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   6954250 . PMID   31924840.
  3. ↑ Vitt, Laurie. "Chameleon". www.Britannica.com. Retrieved 26 August 2023. The longest chameleon in the world is Parson's chameleon (Calumma parsonii), which may grow up to 69.5 cm (about 27 inches) long.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (1994). A Fieldguide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar, Second Edition. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR / Serpents Tale. 480 pp. ISBN   978-3929449-01-3.
  5. 1 2 Prötzel, David; Vences, Miguel; Scherz, Mark D.; Vieites, David R.; Glaw, Frank (2017). "Splitting and lumping: An integrative taxonomic assessment of Malagasy chameleons in the Calumma guibei complex results in the new species C. gehringi sp. nov" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 67 (2): 231–249. doi: 10.3897/vz.67.e31591 .
  6. ↑ Tolley, Krystal A.; Townsend, Ted M.; Vences, Miguel (2013-05-22). "Large-scale phylogeny of chameleons suggests African origins and Eocene diversification". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1759): 20130184. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0184. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   3619509 . PMID   23536596.
  7. 1 2 Prötzel, David; Vences, Miguel; Hawlitschek, Oliver; Scherz, Mark D.; Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.; Glaw, Frank (2018). "Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 184 (2): 471–498. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx112.
  8. 1 2 Prötzel, David; Lambert, Shea M.; Andrianasolo, Ginah Tsiorisoa; Hutter, Carl R.; Cobb, Kerry A.; Scherz, Mark D.; Glaw, Frank (2018-10-19). "The smallest 'true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae)". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 94 (2): 409–423. doi: 10.3897/zse.94.27305 . hdl: 10150/632063 . ISSN   1860-0743.
  9. ↑ Prötzel, David; Ruthensteiner, Bernhard; Glaw, Frank (2016-08-01). "No longer single! Description of female Calumma vatosoa (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae) including a review of the species and its systematic position". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 92 (1): 13–21. doi: 10.3897/zse.92.6464 . ISSN   1860-0743.
  10. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN   978-1-4214-0135-5. (Calumma peyrierasi, p. 205).
  11. ↑ Prötzel, David; Scherz, Mark D.; Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.; Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank (2020). "Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)". Vertebrate Zoology. 70 (1). doi:10.26049/VZ70-1-2020-3.

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