Castilleja haydenii

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Castilleja haydenii
Castilleja haydenii - Cecelia Alexander 01.jpg
Castilleja haydenii blooming in the Pecos Wilderness
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Genus: Castilleja
Species:
C. haydenii
Binomial name
Castilleja haydenii
Synonyms [1]
  • Castilleja pallida var. haydenii A.Gray (1878)

Castilleja haydenii, also known as Hayden's paintbrush, is a species of flower found in the mountains of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, generally above timberline in the alpine tundra. Its purple flowers appear in the months of July through September. It was named after the geologist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden.

Contents

Description

Castilleja haydenii is herbaceous plant that reaches 7–20 centimeters in height when full grown. It is a perennial species that regrows each year from a woody caudex atop a taproot. [2] Plants may have a few or many stems that do not branch. The stems either spread or grow outwards from the base a short distance before growing upwards ( ascending ) and are often somewhat purple colored. [3] Though the stems lack branches, they may have short, leafy shoots above where its leaves attach to the stems (the axils ). Stems are hairless at the base and sparely or densely covered in short, soft, erect hairs ( puberulent ) towards their ends ( distal ). [2]

Leaves photographed in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, south-southeast of Taos Castilleja haydenii - Flickr - aspidoscelis (4).jpg
Leaves photographed in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, south-southeast of Taos

The leaves are green to purple in color and 2–8 centimeters in length, though occasionally just 1.1 centimeters long. Their outline is like a leaf of grass (linear leaves) or a narrow spear head (narrow lanceolate). [2] The leaves often become wider towards the top of the plant. [3] Most of the leaves are divided into lobes at the end, typically three to seven, but occasionally none or as many as nine, [2] and undivided leaves are more likely lower down on plant stems. [3] They are also more common on plants growing in the northwest of the plant's range toward Utah. [2]

Blooming may commence between July and September. [2] The inflorescence is showy with bracts that are crimson, rose-red, or lilac-purple, [4] very rarely they may be yellow. [3] The inflorescence is at the end of a stem and range in size from 2.5–5.5 centimeters in length and 1.5–2.5 centimeters in width. The bracts may be uniform in color or may be somewhat green or dull purple in color towards their bases. The bracts are variable from like an egg with the wide portion towards the base ( ovate ) to more of a flattened circle with the widest portion in the middle ( elliptical ) in shape. They are always divided into lobes, usually three to seven, but sometimes as many as thirteen. [2] The bracts may be hairless ( glabrous ) or covered in very fine hairs ( pilose ), but are very likely to have hairs on the veins. [3]

Castilleja rhexiifolia can be confused with it where their ranges overlap, but C. rehexiifolia is typically taller and the majority of the leaves are without lobes or have three lobes at most, while C. haydenii has typically has three or more lobes on its leaves. [4] [5]

Taxonomy

Castilleja haydenii was first scientifically described by Asa Gray as a botanical variety that he named Castilleja pallida var. haydenii in 1878. [1] Gray described it from specimens collected from Sierra Blanca in southern Colorado and thought that it was a variety despite its differences from C. pallida due to similarities to another variety he named Castilleia pállida var. occidentális. [6] In 1890 the botanist Theodore D. A. Cockerell reclassified it as a species. [1] Cockerell believed it to be a species due to his observations of the plants in Custer County, Colorado near the headwaters of Brush Creek in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. [7]

Hybrids with Castilleja occidentalis have been found in the lower elevation areas where their habitats overlap. [2]

Names

The species name was given to honor the surveyor and geologist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden who lead several expeditions mapping the western United States in the 1800s. [4] Its English common names, "Hayden paintedcup" and "Hayden's paintbrush", also reference Hayden. [4] [8]

Range and habitat

The range of Castilleja haydenii is primarily in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico with one known occurrence in the La Sal Mountains in Utah. [9] [2] The majority of the range is in nine counties in Colorado, most around the margins of the San Luis Valley, and also counties to the west that include the San Juan Mountains. The three counties in New Mexico, Mora, Rio Arriba, and Taos are likewise mountainous. [9]

The species is limited to high elevation slopes at 3200–4300 meters, [2] generally above timberline. [10] Though it also grows in subalpine meadows. It is particularly known for growing on rocky slopes and in fellfields in the mountain tundra. [2] It is endemic to the Southern Rocky Mountains, growing nowhere else in the world. [11]

Conservation

Castilleja haydenii has not been evaluated at the global level by NatureServe, but at the state level it is apparently secure (S4) in New Mexico and has not been evaluated in Colorado. [12]

Ecology

Castilleja haydenii in Taos County, New Mexico near the Colorado boarder Castilleja haydenii - Cecelia Alexander 03.jpg
Castilleja haydenii in Taos County, New Mexico near the Colorado boarder

Castilleja haydenii is most often found growing with bunch grasses. [3]

Uses

Castilleja haydenii was evaluated for its potential as a garden species at the Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, but none of the seeds sprouted in the greenhouse experiments. The seeds had been cold stratified for eight weeks at 4.4 °C (40 °F) and then planted into flats in a greenhouse kept at 27 °C (81 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night. [13] However, the researcher David A. Nelson had more success evaluating it with Penstemon strictus in the Mid-Columbia basin of Washington state in 2003, 2004. He placed the seeds on damp paper towels in plastic bags in a refrigerator at 5 °C (41 °F) until roots appeared at four to six weeks. Then the seeds were planted in sterilized planting medium and sand and started daytime exposure in late February. Though he was still only able to achieve 60% survival at one year of age. [14]

Related Research Articles

<i>Castilleja</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the broomrape family

Castilleja, commonly known as paintbrush, Indian paintbrush, or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial mostly herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and one species as far west as the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia. These plants are classified in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. They are hemiparasitic on the roots of grasses and forbs. The generic name honors Spanish botanist Domingo Castillejo.

<i>Castilleja exserta</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja exserta is a species of plant in the genus Castilleja which includes the Indian paintbrushes. Its common names include purple owl's clover, escobita, and exserted Indian paintbrush.

<i>Pedicularis groenlandica</i> North American species of flowering plant

Pedicularis groenlandica is a showy flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae commonly known as elephant's head, little pink elephant, elephantella, or similar common names inspired by the resemblance of the flower to the head of an elephant. It is also less commonly known as butterfly tongue for the long beak on the flower. Like many other plants in genus Pedicularis, it is a parasitic plant and depends on host plants to survive.

<i>Castilleja angustifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja angustifolia is a species of wildflower known by the common names northwestern Indian paintbrush and desert Indian paintbrush. It is an herbaceous perennial native to the desert, scrublands, and woodlands of western North America. It grows in hot sandy soils and rock crevices in dry conditions.

<i>Castilleja affinis</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja affinis is a species of Castilleja known by the common name coast Indian paintbrush.

<i>Castilleja densiflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja densiflora is a herbaceous flowering plant species known by the common names denseflower Indian paintbrush or white / denseflower owlclover. Like other members of the Indian paintbrushes, it is a root-parasite. It is native to California and northern Baja California, where it grows in grassland and chaparral habitat. It is a variable species. It is generally 10 to 40 centimeters tall with linear or lance-shaped leaves up to 8 centimeters long, and with or without lobes. The inflorescence is as small as 3 centimeters or as long as 25 centimeters in length, and has bracts tipped in white to dull or bright pink or purple. Between the bracts appear the flowers, which are somewhat rounded and pouched, and white to yellow to pink or purple in color.

<i>Castilleja foliolosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja foliolosa is a species of paintbrush, known by the common names felt paintbrush and chaparral paintbrush.

<i>Castilleja miniata</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja miniata is a species of Indian paintbrush known by the common name giant red Indian paintbrush. It is native to western North America from Alaska to Ontario to California to New Mexico, where it grows usually in moist places in a wide variety of habitat types.

<i>Castilleja occidentalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja occidentalis is a member of the genus Castilleja (paintbrush), commonly referred to as western Indian paintbrush. Like other members, it is a hemi-parasite.

<i>Castilleja septentrionalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja septentrionalis is a species of Indian paintbrush known by several common names, including northern paintbrush, sulfur paintbrush, and pale painted cup. There is taxonomic disagreement as to if it is one species widely distributed in mountain and alpine environments of North America or if there is a second species, Castilleja sulphurea, in the Rocky Mountains.

<i>Castilleja integra</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja integra, with the common names orange paintbrush, Southwestern paintbrush, and wholeleaf paintbrush, is a partially parasitic herbaceous perennial plant native to the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. The species produces a relatively large amount of nectar and is attractive to hummingbirds. It is better suited to cultivation than most other species in the paintbrush genus (Castilleja) and is therefor used in xeriscape gardens and naturalistic meadows, even outside its native range.

Castilleja kerryana is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It is commonly known as Kerry's Indian paintbrush or Kerry’spaintbrush. It was formally described in 2013 and so far it is known only from a small population in the state of Montana, in the Northwestern United States.

<i>Castilleja pallida</i> Species of paintbrush flower

Castilleja pallida, common name pale Indian paintbrush, is a plant species native to Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and across Russia to the Ural Mountains and Kazakhstan.

<i>Mertensia lanceolata</i> Species of plant in the borage family

Mertensia lanceolata, known as prairie bluebells, lance-leaved bluebells, lance-leaved lungwort, and narrow-leaved languid ladies is a species of flowering plant native to the Rocky Mountains and areas of the northern Great Plains in western North America. A herbaceous perennial it has blue-green leaves alternately arranged on its smooth flowering stalk. Its flower buds are pink-purple and become blue as they open.

<i>Penstemon virens</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon virens, commonly known as blue mist penstemon, Front Range penstemon, or Green beardtongue, is a common Penstemon in the Front Range foothills in Colorado and Wyoming. The dainty flowers are an ornament to many rocky or sandy area within its range. It is confusingly similar to Penstemon humilis and Penstemon albertinus though the ranges of these plants do not overlap in the wild. The origin of calling it the "blue mist penstemon" is not precisely known, but is thought to relate to the large number of blue flowers the plant can produce reminding observers of a blue mist.

<i>Castilleja thompsonii</i> Species of plant

Castilleja thompsonii is a species of hemiparasitic perennial herb in the Orobanchaceae family with the common name Thompson's Indian paintbrush. It is native to south central British Columbia and Washington State.

<i>Castilleja collegiorum</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja collegiorum is a species of Castilleja known by the common name collegial paintbrush.

<i>Castilleja rhexiifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja rhexiifolia, commonly called rosy paintbrush, subalpine paintbrush, or rhexia-leaved paintbrush, is a species of plant in Orobanchaceae, commonly known as the broomrape family. They are a common flower found in moist habitats near or above timberline in the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest. Like most members of the Castilleja genus, they are partially parasitic plants.

<i>Castilleja lineata</i> Species of plant in the paintbrush flower genus

Castilleja lineata, commonly known as marshmeadow paintbrush or linearlobe paintbrush, is an uncommon species that largely grows in the mountains of northern New Mexico, but is also found in small areas of neighboring Colorado and Arizona. It was not scientifically described until 1901 and is little studied.

<i>Trifolium parryi</i> Plant species in the clover genus

Trifolium parryi, commonly known as Parry's clover or Parry clover, is a high altitude species of plant from the western United States. It grows in the Rocky Mountains from southern Montana to northern New Mexico. It is a short plant that is adapted to the harsh conditions and short growing season near and above timberline.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Castilleja haydenii (A.Gray) Cockerell". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick. "Castilleja haydenii - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 689–291. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Duft, Joseph F.; Moseley, Robert K. (1989). Alpine Wildflowers of the Rocky Mountains (5th ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 86–87. ISBN   978-0-87842-238-8 . Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  5. ↑ Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (5 February 2024). " Castilleja - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  6. ↑ Gray, Asa (1878). Synoptical flora of North America. Vol. II, part I. Washtington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 297. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  7. ↑ Cockerell, T. D. A. (1890). "Notes on Castilleia". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 17 (2). New York: Torrey Botanical Club: 35–37. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  8. ↑ Pase, Charles P. (1994). "Part 1. Tundras". In Brown, David E. (ed.). Biotic communities : southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press. ISBN   978-0-87480-459-1 . Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  9. 1 2 Castilleja haydenii, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile, 6 June 2024
  10. ↑ Schneider, Al. "Castilleja haydenii & rhexifolia". Southwest Colorado Wildflowers. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  11. ↑ Fowler, James F.; Nelson, B.E.; Hartman, Ronald L. (2014). "Vascular Plant Flora of the Alpine Zone in the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.s.a." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 8 (2): 611–636. ISSN   1934-5259 . Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  12. ↑ NatureServe (2024). "Castilleja haydenii". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  13. ↑ Love, Stephen L; McCammon, Tony A (2017). "Compatible host/parasite pairs enhance propagation of paintbrush (Castilleja spp.)". Native Plants Journal. 18 (3): 254–255. ISSN   1522-8339 . Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  14. ↑ Nelson, David A (2005). "Evaluation of Penstemon as a host for Castilleja in garden or landscape". Native Plants Journal. 6 (3): 254–262. ISSN   1522-8339 . Retrieved 6 June 2024.
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