Castilleja | |
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Castilleja miniata | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Orobanchaceae |
Subtribe: | Castillejinae |
Genus: | Castilleja Mutis ex L.f. |
Species | |
About 200, see text | |
Synonyms | |
Castilleja, commonly known as paintbrush, Indian paintbrush, or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and one species as far west as the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia. These plants are classified in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae (following major rearrangements of the order Lamiales starting around 2001; sources which do not follow these reclassifications may place them in the Scrophulariaceae). They are hemiparasitic on the roots of grasses and forbs. The generic name honors Spanish botanist Domingo Castillejo. [2]
Castilleja species are eaten by the larvae of some lepidopteran species, including Schinia cupes (which has been recorded on C. exserta) and Schinia pulchripennis (which feeds exclusively on C. exserta), and checkerspot butterflies, such as Euphydryas species. [3] [4] Pollinators aid these plants in reproduction, with insects visiting the flowers, as well as hummingbirds for some species. [5]
Castilleja species can play an important role in plant community dynamics and multitrophic interactions. For example, Castilleja hemiparasitic reliance on other plant species may affect competition and dominance among other plant species in its community. [6] Additionally, the foliage of some Castilleja species naturally contains defensive compounds that are sequestered in the tissues of larvae of specialist insect species that have developed a tolerance for these compounds and are able to consume the foliage. [3] [4] These sequestered compounds then confer chemical protection against predators to larvae. [3] [4]
Some species in the Castilleja genus are able to hybridize, especially when ploidy levels match, and hybrids may produce viable seed. [7] [8] [9] This hybridization potential has been identified as a threat to the genetic integrity of certain endangered Castilleja species. [8]
The flowers of Indian paintbrush are edible, and were consumed in moderation by various Native American tribes as a condiment with other fresh greens. These plants have a tendency to absorb and concentrate selenium in their tissues from the soils in which they grow, and can be potentially very toxic if the roots or green parts of the plant are consumed. Highly alkaline soils increase the selenium levels in the plants. Indian paintbrush has similar health benefits to consuming garlic, though only if the flowers are eaten in small amounts and in moderation. [10]
Castilleja linariifolia is the state flower of Wyoming. [11]
Castilleja affinis | Coast Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja ambigua | Paintbrush owl's clover | |
Castilleja angustifolia | Northwestern Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja annua | Annual Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja applegatei | Applegate's Indian paintbrush, wavyleaf Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja aquariensis | Aquarius Plateau Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja arachnoidea | Cobwebby Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja arvensis | Field Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja attenuata | Narrowleaf owl's clover | |
Castilleja beldingii | ||
Castilleja bella | Arteaga Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja brevistyla | ||
Castilleja campestris | vernal pool Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja caudata | Port Clarence Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja cervina | Deer Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja christii | Christ's Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja chromosa | Desert Indian paintbrush, desert paintbrush | |
Castilleja cinerea | Ashgray Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja citrina | Lemon paintbrush | |
Castilleja coccinea | Scarlet Indian paintbrush, Scarlet painted-cup | |
Castilleja cusickii | Cusick's Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja densiflora | ||
Castilleja ecuadorensis | ||
Castilleja elata | ||
Castilleja elegans | Elegant Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja elmeri | Elmer's Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja exserta | Purple owl's clover, purple Indian paintbrush, exserted Indian paintbrush, escobita, formerly in Orthocarpus | |
Castilleja foliolosa | Texas Indian paintbrush [12] | |
Castilleja fruticosa | ||
Castilleja fulva | Elko Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja grisea | ||
Castilleja guadalupensis | (extinct) | |
Castilleja hispida | Harsh Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja hyetophila | Coastal red Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja hyperborea | Northern Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja indivisa | Entireleaf Indian paintbrush, Texas paintbrush | |
Castilleja integra | Wholeleaf Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja integrifolia | ||
Castilleja kaibabensis | Kaibab Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja kerryana | ||
Castilleja lacera | ||
Castilleja lanata | Sierra woolly Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja lasiorhyncha | ||
Castilleja latifolia | ||
Castilleja lauta | Rosy paintbrush | |
Castilleja lemmonii | Lemmon's Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja levisecta | Golden paintbrush | |
Castilleja linariifolia | Narrowleaf Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja lindheimeri | Lindheimer's paintbrush | |
Castilleja lineariiloba | ||
Castilleja lutescens | Stiff yellow Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja mendocinensis | ||
Castilleja miniata | Greater red Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja minor | Smallflower Indian paintbrush, lesser Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja mollis | Softleaf Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja mutis | ||
Castilleja nana | Alpine paintbrush | |
Castilleja neglecta | Tiburon Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja nubigena | ||
Castilleja occidentalis | Western Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja ophiocephala | ||
Castilleja pallescens | Pallid Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja pallida var. lapponica | Boreal Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja paramensis | ||
Castilleja parviflora | Small-flowered Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja parvula | ||
Castilleja peirsonii | Peirson's paintbrush | |
Castilleja pilosa | ||
Castilleja plagiotoma | Mojave Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja praeterita | ||
Castilleja pruinosa | ||
Castilleja pumila | Lancetilla del Páramo | |
Castilleja purpurea | ||
Castilleja raupii | Raup's Indian paintbrush, Raup's painted-cup | |
Castilleja rhexiifolia | Rhexia -leaf Indian paintbrush, splitleaf Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja rubicundula | Cream sacs | |
Castilleja rubida | Purple alpine paintbrush, Wallowa alpine paintbrush | |
Castilleja rupicola | Cliff Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja salsuginosa | Monte Neva Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja schizotricha | ||
Castilleja septentrionalis | Labrador Indian paintbrush, northern paintbrush | |
Castilleja sessiliflora | Downy Indian paintbrush, downy paintbrush | |
Castilleja socorrensis | ||
Castilleja subinclusa | ||
Castilleja suksdorfii | Suksdorf's Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja sulphurea | Sulphur Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja tenuis | Hairy owl's clover | |
Castilleja thompsonii | Thompson's Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja tolucensis | ||
Castilleja unalaschcensis | Alaska Indian paintbrush | |
Castilleja victoriae | Victoria's owl-clover | |
Castilleja wightii | Wight's paintbrush | |
Castilleja yukonis | Yukon Indian paintbrush |
Castilleja indivisa, commonly known as Texas Indian paintbrush or entireleaf Indian paintbrush, is a hemiparasitic annual wildflower native to Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma in the United States. There are historical records of the species formerly growing in Arkansas, and reports of naturalized populations in Florida and Alabama.
Castilleja exserta is a species of plant in the genus Castilleja which includes the Indian paintbrushes. Its common names include purple owl's clover, escobita, and exserted Indian paintbrush.
Chelone glabra, or white turtlehead, is a herbaceous species of plant native to North America. Its native range extends from Georgia to Newfoundland and Labrador and from Mississippi to Manitoba. Its common name comes from the appearance of its flower petals, which resemble the head of a tortoise. In fact, in Greek, chelone means "tortoise" and was the name of a nymph who refused to attend the wedding of Zeus and was turned into a turtle as punishment. Its natural habitat is wet areas, such as riparian forests and swamps.
Castilleja angustifolia is a species of wildflower known by the common names northwestern Indian paintbrush and desert Indian paintbrush. It is an herbaceous perennial native to the desert, scrublands, and woodlands of western North America. It grows in hot sandy soils and rock crevices in dry conditions.
Festuca idahoensis is a species of grass known by the common names Idaho fescue and blue bunchgrass. It is native to western North America, where it is widespread and common. It can be found in many ecosystems, from shady forests to open plains grasslands.
Orthocarpus, or owl's-clover, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (broomrapes). They are native to North America. A number of species formerly included in Orthocarpus have been transferred to the genus Castilleja, which includes the plants commonly known as Indian paintbrush. Plants of the genus are generally less than 30 centimetres (1 ft) in height.
The variable checkerspot or Chalcedon checkerspot is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in western North America, where its range stretches from Alaska in the north to Baja California in the south and extends east through the Rocky Mountains into Colorado, Montana, New Mexico and Wyoming. The butterfly is usually brown or black with extensive white and yellow checkering and some red coloration on the dorsal wing. Adult wingspan is 3.2–5.7 cm (1.3–2.2 in). Adult butterflies feed on nectar from flowers while larvae feed on a variety of plants including snowberry (Symphoricarpos), paintbrush (Castilleja), Buddleja, Diplacus aurantiacus and Scrophularia californica.
Castilleja attenuata is a species of Indian paintbrush, known by the common names valley tassels, attenuate Indian paintbrush, and narrowleaf Owl's-clover. It is native to western North America from British Columbia, through California, to Baja California, where it grows in grasslands and open woodland habitats.
Castilleja mollis is a species of Indian paintbrush known by the common name softleaf Indian paintbrush. It is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, where it is currently known only from Santa Rosa Island. An occurrence was once noted on San Miguel Island, but the plant has not been found there since 1938. Its habitat is the coastal sage scrub around the windy sand dunes and bluffs.
The Baltimore checkerspot is a North American butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It has been the official state insect of the U.S. State of Maryland since 1973. The Baltimore checkerspot was named for the first Lord Baltimore due to its similarity of colors in the family crest. Despite the species status as Maryland state insect, the population in Maryland has faced significant decline and is currently listed by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources as "rare, threatened, and endangered" animal list.
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Edith's checkerspot is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is a resident species of western North America and among the subspecies, entomologists have long been intrigued by their many phenotypic variations in coloration, wing length, and overall body size. Most populations are monophagous and rely on plants including Plantago erecta and Orthocarpus densiflorus as their host species in developing from eggs through to larvae, pupae, and mature butterflies. Males exhibit polygyny whereas females rarely mate more than once. Males devote most of their attention to mate acquisition, and such mate locating strategies such as hilltopping behavior have developed. Climate change and habitat destruction have impacted certain subspecies. Three subspecies in particular, Euphydryas editha quino, Euphydryas editha bayensis and Euphydryas editha taylori, are currently under protection via the Endangered Species Act.
Schinia pulchripennis, or the common flower moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae that is distributed throughout North America, including California and Nevada.
Castilleja levisecta is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name golden paintbrush, or golden Indian paintbrush, listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1997. It is native to British Columbia and Washington, where it is known from eleven remaining populations. It occurred in Oregon but all natural occurrences there have been extirpated. It has been reintroduced to a few areas in Oregon, but it remains to be seen if the plants will survive. The plant is a federally listed endangered species of Canada and was listed as threatened in the United States in 1997. On June 30, 2021, the plant was proposed for delisting due to recovery. Effective August 18, 2023, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issued a rule removing golden paintbrush from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Plants
Euphydryas editha taylori, the Whulge checkerspot or Taylor's checkerspot, is a butterfly native to an area of the northwestern United States and Vancouver Island.
Chlosyne leanira, the leanira checkerspot, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America from western Oregon south to California, Nevada, Utah and western Colorado, as well as Baja California. The wingspan is 33–40 mm. Generally, females are larger than males, but males have a more apparent red color to their wings.
The Bay checkerspot is a butterfly endemic to the San Francisco Bay region of the U.S. state of California. It is a federally threatened species, as a subspecies of Euphydryas editha.
Castilleja integra, with the common names orange paintbrush, Southwestern paintbrush, and wholeleaf paintbrush, is a partially parasitic herbaceous perennial plant native to the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. The species produces a relatively large amount of nectar and is attractive to hummingbirds. It is better suited to cultivation than most other species in the paintbrush genus (Castilleja) and is therefor used in xeriscape gardens and naturalistic meadows, even outside its native range.
Castilleja plagiotoma, the Mojave Indian paintbrush, is a hemiparasitic perennial plant with green flowers that grows in deserts of California. It is in the Castilleja genus of the broomrape plant family. It is included in the CNPS Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants.
Castilleja hispida is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae, also known by the common name harsh paintbrush, or harsh Indian paintbrush. It is native to British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Oregon.