Castilleja scabrida

Last updated

Castilleja scabrida
Castilleja scabrida - ladyliatris 01.jpg
C. scabrida var. scabrida, Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
Status TNC G4.svg
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Genus: Castilleja
Species:
C. scabrida
Binomial name
Castilleja scabrida
Varieties [2]
  • C. scabrida var. barnebyana (Eastw.) N.H.Holmgren
  • C. scabrida var. scabrida
Synonyms [3] [4]
  • Castilleja barnebyana
  • Castilleja calcicola
  • Castilleja zionis

Castilleja scabrida, commonly known as rough paintbrush or Eastwood paintbrush, is a species of plant in Castilleja , the paintbrush genus from the Intermountain West mainly in the states of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.

Contents

Description

Castilleja scabrida is a perennial plant that grows herbaceous stems from a woody caudex with either a taproot or thick, branched roots. [5] Stems usually reach 7 to 15 centimeters (2.8 to 5.9 in), but occasionally as much as 20 cm (7.9 in), but are decumbent, growing along the ground with upturned ends. Usually there are several stems without branches in each group. [6] Branching may occur in response to injury of growing stems. Though they do not usually branch, they can occasionally have small leafy shoots where the main leaves attach to the stems. The stems are covered in short, stiff, somewhat white hairs that do not have glands. [5]

Leaves are most often gray-green, but occasionally reddish-purple or fully green. [5] The lowest leaves are small, lack chlorophyll, and resemble scales or bracts on a tenth to quarter of the stem. [7] [5] The more fully developed leaves are 1.5 to 5 centimeters long and are linar to lanceolate, narrow and grass like to resembling a spear head, in shape. All the leaves can have smooth edges or the upper most leaves may have one or occasionally two pairs of side lobes. [6] The lobes may spread outwards or curve upwards. [5]

The inflorescence of the rough paintbrush is the most vividly colored of its genus. [8] It is densely packed with flowers and hairy. [9] The bracts surrounding the flowers are green or green-purple towards the base and usually bright red towards their ends, but can sometimes be brick-red or orange-red. They are linear to lanceolate and usually have three or five lobes, but will sometimes have seven. Their length is 2.5 to 10 cm and have a width of 2.5 to 5 cm. [5] They are more leaf like near the bottom of the inflorescence and become shorter and wider towards the top. The calyx, the sepals, are 19 to 30 mm long and divided into lobes. [6]

Taxonomy

Castilleja scabrida is a species in the Castilleja genus in the Orobanchaceae family. [10] The scientific description and name of Castilleja scabrida was published in 1902 by the self-taught botanist Alice Eastwood. [2] The specimens described by Eastwood were collected in Grand Junction, Colorado by Mr. H.C. Long in the spring of 1890. [11] Later, in 1941, Eastwood described a species she named Castilleja barnebyana that was reclassified by Noel H. Holmgren as a variety of C. scabrida in 1984. [3]

Varieties

Castilleja scabrida has two accepted varieties. [2]

Castilleja scabrida var. barnebyana

C. scabrida var. barnebyana, Eureka County, Nevada Castilleja scabrida var. barnebyana - Matt Berger 01.jpg
C. scabrida var. barnebyana, Eureka County, Nevada

The leaves of this variety are more green in color, rarely reddish-purple or gray green. It grows on calcareous rocks. [5] It is only found in the mountains of eastern Nevada and western Utah. It most often is a parasite of Petrophytum caespitosum , mat rock spiraea. Often its stems emerge from within a clump of rock spiraea, though it will also be found with other plants. [12]

Castilleja scabrida var. scabrida

The leaves of this variety are more often grayish in color. [5] Its range is mostly in the high deserts and mountains of Utah and western Colorado, but it does reach a few small areas of Arizona and New Mexico adjacent to the Four Corners. It most often grows on sandstone or soils derived from sandstones, but is sometimes found on clay soils or cryptogamic soils. [13]

Synonyms

Castilleja scabrida has three synonyms: [3] [4]

Table of Synonyms
NameYearSynonym of:Notes
Castilleja barnebyanaEastw.1941var. barnebyana≡ hom.
Castilleja calcicolaPennell1959var. barnebyana= het.
Castilleja zionisEastw.1941var. scabrida= het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym  ; = heterotypic synonym

Names

The species name scabrida means "rough", referring to the stiff hairs covering the stems and leaves. In English it is also known by the related common name rough paintbrush and is also known as sandstone paintbrush or slickrock paintbrush. [9] [14] Additionally, it is sometimes called Eastwood paintbrush, a reference to Alice Eastwood, the botanist who described the species. [7]

Range and habitat

It is native to five western US states, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah. [12] [13] It is only rarely found in Apache County, Arizona and San Juan County, New Mexico. It is much more commonly encountered in Utah and southwestern Colorado. [9] It grows at elevations from 1,200 to 2,800 meters (3,900 to 9,200 ft). [13]

Usually found on slopes and rock outcrops in open pinyon-juniper woodlands. [6]

Conservation

Castilleja scabrida was evaluated by NatureServe in 1990 and rated as apparently secure (G4). At the state level they rated it as vulnerable (G3) in Nevada and Utah, but did not evaluate it in other states. [1] While variety scabrida was also evaluated as apparently secure, [15] they evaluated variety barnebyana as a vulnerable variety (T3) in 1998. It was also rated as vulnerable in Nevada and imperiled (S2) in Utah. [16]

Ecology

The seeds of Castilleja scabrida require cold stratification before germination. In a study germination rates increased with length of prechill treatment up to sixteen weeks. Temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) or less were required for good germination. [17] Ideal temperatures for germination are 21 to 25 °C (70 to 77 °F) during the day and 10 to 16 °C (50 to 61 °F) at night. [14] In controlled experiments C. scabrida, like orange paintbrush ( Castilleja integra ) and desert paintbrush ( Castilleja chromosa ), it was tolerant of being without a host species for short periods. [18]

Uses

Rough paintbrush has high potential as a garden species. In experiments it was relatively tolerant of garden operations like transplantation and its seeds have a moderate germination rate in greenhouse flats. [19]

See also

Citations

  1. 1 2 NatureServe 2024a.
  2. 1 2 3 POWO 2024a.
  3. 1 2 3 POWO 2024b.
  4. 1 2 POWO 2024c.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Egger et al. 2020a.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Cronquist et al. 1984, p. 490.
  7. 1 2 Welsh et al. 1987, p. 571.
  8. ↑ Mee et al. 2003, p. 103.
  9. 1 2 3 Heil et al. 2013, p. 693.
  10. ↑ WFO 2024.
  11. ↑ Eastwood 1902, p. 523.
  12. 1 2 Egger et al. 2020b.
  13. 1 2 3 Egger et al. 2020c.
  14. 1 2 Luna 2005, p. 67.
  15. ↑ NatureServe 2024b.
  16. ↑ NatureServe 2024c.
  17. ↑ Mogensen, Allen & Meyer 2001, p. 145, 149.
  18. ↑ Love & McCammon 2017, p. 262, 265.
  19. ↑ Love & McCammon 2017, p. 253, 255, 262, 265.

Related Research Articles

<i>Penstemon barbatus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon barbatus, known by the common names golden-beard penstemon, and beardlip penstemon, is a flowering plant native to the western United States.

<i>Castilleja minor</i> Plant species in the broomrape family

Castilleja minor is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known as thread-torch paintbrush or seep paintbrush. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to California and eastward to the Rocky Mountain states.

<i>Penstemon anguineus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon anguineus is a species of penstemon known by the common name Siskiyou penstemon. It is native to the mountains of southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in coniferous forests, often in open areas left by logging operations.

<i>Penstemon azureus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon azureus is a flowering plant species known by the common name azure penstemon. It is native to the mountains of Oregon and northern California. It grows in coniferous forests and woodlands in the Klamath Mountains, North California Coast Ranges, Southern Cascade Range, and Northern Sierra Nevada.

<i>Penstemon clevelandii</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon clevelandii is a species of penstemon known by the common name Cleveland penstemon. It is native to southern California and Baja California, where it grows in mountain and desert habitat such as scrub, woodland, and chaparral.

<i>Penstemon deustus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon deustus is a species of penstemon known by the common names hotrock penstemon and scabland penstemon. It is native to much of the northwestern United States from the Pacific Northwest to Wyoming, where it grows in many types of forest and open plateau habitat, often on soils heavy in volcanic rock or on limestone outcrops.

<i>Penstemon eatonii</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon eatonii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Penstemon, known by the common name firecracker penstemon. It is native to the Western United States from Southern California to the Rocky Mountains. It grows in many types of desert, woodland, forest, and open plateau habitat.

<i>Penstemon floridus</i> Plant species in the veronica family

Penstemon floridus is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common names Panamint penstemon and rose penstemon.

<i>Penstemon fruticiformis</i> Plant species in the veronica family

Penstemon fruticiformis is a species of penstemon known by the common name Death Valley penstemon. It is native to the western United States, where it is found growing in rocky scrub, woodlands, deserts and mountains of eastern California and western Nevada. It is known from scattered occurrences around Death Valley, and only one of the two varieties occurs on the Nevada side of the border.

<i>Castilleja integra</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja integra, with the common names orange paintbrush, Southwestern paintbrush, and wholeleaf paintbrush, is a partially parasitic herbaceous perennial plant native to the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. The species produces a relatively large amount of nectar and is attractive to hummingbirds. It is better suited to cultivation than most other species in the paintbrush genus (Castilleja) and is therefore used in xeriscape gardens and naturalistic meadows, even outside its native range.

<i>Penstemon fruticosus</i> Plant species in the veronica family

Penstemon fruticosus, the bush penstemon or shrubby penstemon, is a species of penstemon native to the Pacific Northwest of North America.

<i>Penstemon davidsonii</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon davidsonii is a species of penstemon known by the common name Davidson's penstemon, honoring Dr. George Davidson. It is native to western North America.

<i>Penstemon cyanocaulis</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon cyanocaulis, the bluestem penstemon or bluestem beardtongue, is a perennial plant in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae) found in the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region of the southwestern United States.

<i>Castilleja chromosa</i> Species of plant

Castilleja chromosa, the desert paintbrush, is a species of broomrape found in the western United States. They are distributed in dry scrub, steppe, and desert. They have colorful inflorescence which range from yellow to red in hue. This color is given not by the flowers, which are small, but by the colorful bracts. The plants grow up to nearly half a meter tall; they are slightly bristly and greyish-green; their stems to not branch and their leaves are small and lance-shaped. Partial parasites, they steal some of their nutrients from neighboring plants.

<i>Penstemon gairdneri</i> Plant species in the veronica family

Penstemon gairdneri is a species of perennial plant in the Plantaginaceae family with the common name Gairdner's beardtongue. It is native to Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in the western United States.

<i>Castilleja collegiorum</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja collegiorum is a species of Castilleja known by the common name collegial paintbrush.

<i>Castilleja rhexiifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Castilleja rhexiifolia, commonly called rosy paintbrush, subalpine paintbrush, or rhexia-leaved paintbrush, is a species of plant in Orobanchaceae, commonly known as the broomrape family. They are a common flower found in moist habitats near or above timberline in the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest. Like most members of the Castilleja genus, they are partially parasitic plants.

<i>Castilleja haydenii</i> Rocky Mountain species of paintbrush flower

Castilleja haydenii, also known as Hayden's paintbrush, is a species of flower found in the mountains of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, generally above timberline in the alpine tundra. Its purple flowers appear in the months of July through September. It was named after the geologist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden.

<i>Penstemon crandallii</i> Plant species in the family

Penstemon crandallii, also known as Crandall's penstemon, is a species of penstemon that grows in western Colorado and small parts of New Mexico and Utah. It is a low growing plant with blue to purple flowers.

<i>Penstemon moffatii</i> Plant species in the veronica family

Penstemon moffatii, commonly called Moffat penstemon, is a flowering plant from the mesas and canyons of western Colorado and eastern Utah.

References

Books
Journals
Websites
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.