Christensenella hongkongensis

Last updated

Christensenella hongkongensis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Clostridia
Order:
Clostridiales
Family:
Christensenellaceae
Genus:
Christensenella
Species:
C. hongkongensis
Binomial name
Christensenella hongkongensis [1]
(Lau et al. 2014) Liu et al. 2021
Synonyms
  • "Catabacter hongkongensis" Lau et al. 2007
  • Catabacter hongkongensisLau et al. 2014

Christensenella hongkongensis is a species of clinically relevant gram-positive coccobacilli, first isolated from patients in Hong Kong and Canada in 2006. [2] Although the species remains relatively rare, it has a high mortality rate of up to 50%. [3] Christensenella is thought to be broadly distributed globally, as it has been isolated from patient blood cultures around the world including Hong Kong, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada, Sweden, France and Italy. Fewer than 15 cases of C. hongkongensis have been observed worldwide. [4]

Contents

Taxonomy

Christensenella hongkongensis is a species of bacteria belonging to the Christensenellaceae family within the Bacillota (or Firmicutes ) phylum. Bacillota includes a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria. Within the class Clostridia , C. hongkongensis is further classified into the order of Clostridiales, distinguishing them from Bacilli by lacking aerobic respiration. [5] Accordingly, C. hongkongensis is part of the Christensenella genus, a non-spore forming, anaerobic, and non-motile bacteria part of a new family Christensenella, known for its effect in the gut by producing butyrate. [5]

Discovery

Etymology

The genus Christensenella was first discovered in 2012, when the species Christensenella minuta was isolated from human feces by Morotomi et al. The name Christensenella is an homage to Professor Henrik Christensen to honor his contributions to bacteriology. [6] The species name hongkongensis comes from the region Hong Kong, as the bacterial species was initially identified in cultures obtained from patients in the region. [7]

Isolation

The species was first discovered in 2007 when it was obtained from the blood cultures of four patients that lived in Hong Kong and Canada. [8] The two patients from Hong Kong were men of ages 48 and 39. The 48-year-old man was diagnosed with intestinal occlusion and sepsis, while the 39-year-old man had appendicitis. Of the Canadian patients, one was a 74-year-old man suffering from sepsis in their hepatobiliary tract, and the other was a woman diagnosed with metastatic carcinoma and sepsis. [8] Isolation was performed using the BACTEC 9240 blood culturing system, and traditional microbiological methods were used for identification of bacterial properties. [8] The species has not been reported many times in literature since its isolation. There were a total of 11 times in which the species was identified, seven of which were patients from Hong Kong, and the remainder were from South Korea (one case), New Zealand (one case), and Canada (two cases). [9]

Classification and Reclassification

The classification of the species as "Catabacter hongkongensis" was initially based on its phenotype and the analysis of phylogenetic relationships based on the species' 16S rRNA sequence. [8] In 2012, Morotomi et al. isolated a culture from a healthy adult's stool sample, and identified the Christensenella genus, through the discovery of Christensenella minuta. [6] Since then, the Christensenella genus has expanded with four additional species being discovered. [7] In 2021, a re-evaluation of the whole genome of "Catabacter hongkongensis" revealed higher similarity to the Christensenella genus due to the alignment of 135 shared protein sequences, and a 96-97% ID of the ribosomal between the two genus. [7] These findings have led to "Catabacter hongkongensis" to be reclassified as Christensenella hongkongensis to maintain consistency in bacterial taxonomy.

Neighboring Strains

Sequencing of the Christensenella hongkongensis 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed phylogenetic relatives, sharing a 96-97% ID, with Christensenella minuta, Christensenella massiliensis, Christensenella intestinhominis, and Christensenella timonesis. [5] The 16S rRNA gene sequences were retrieved from NCBI and aligned using MAFT. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum-likelihood method, where the close branches are listed below: [5]

Christensenella minuta

Christensenella minuta is a commensal bacterium, characterized by properties that engage in mutualistic interactions with other microbes in the body, affecting gut health, metabolism, and body weight/BMI. [10]

Christensenella massiliensis

Christensenella massiliensis is a mesophilic and commensal bacterium that thrives in the human body, inhabiting the gut. [11]

Christensenella intestinhominis

Christensenella intestinhominis is a symbiotic and newly discovered bacterium residing in the human gut, with the unique ability to reduce cholesterol levels. [12]

Christensenella timonesis

Christensenella timonesis is a recently identified bacterial species that was isolated from the human gut. [13]

Ecology

Christensenella hongkongensis resides in the human gut microbiome, fermenting organic compounds like sugar to produce by-products such as butyrate. [14] In addition, the bacteria requires a suitable substrate or nutrient source for growth, developing best in the oxygen-deprived environment of the human colon, where it can ferment carbohydrates, serving as a source of energy and carbon for the bacterium. [15]

Metabolism

Christensenella hongkongensis is anaerobic, involving the fermentation of organic compounds; due to its shared relationship with Christensenella minuta, it is likely that it can utilize mannose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, salicin, and xylose to generate energy. [14] Fermentation of these products also involves the partial oxidation of pyruvate to produce organic acids like butyrate. [16]

Comparative Genomics

Following the reclassification of Catabacter hongkongensis to Christensenella hongkongensis, FastANI was utilized to conduct pairwise Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) comparisons among the six genomes from both genera. Subsequently, the genetic similarities between the genomes were plotted and visualized using the visualization library ggplot 2 package in R. [7] Subsequently, the genomes were further analyzed based on their genetic makeup in attempts of learning more about their metabolic pathways and genomic features. ABRicate, a software developed to screen microorganisms for antimicrobial resistance, was also utilized to identify specific genes that led to such resistance. [7]

In the end, researchers learned that the six species of bacteria have genome sizes ranging from 2.5 to 3.3 MegaBase pairs and contain 48.52 to 52.07% of Guanine + Cytosine (GC) content. [7] The ANI values of the Catabacteraceae and Christensenellaceae strains (HKU16T and ABBA15k) also revealed a 98.97% similarity between their genomes, ultimately indicating that the two strains belong to the same species. [7] Similarly, the six genomes had ANI values ranging between 77.56% and 83.48%, expressing their nucleotide sequence similarities. [7] Specifically, Christensenella intestinihominis (AF73-05CM02PP) and C. minuta (DSM 22607T) exhibited the highest ANI similarity value of 83.48% among different the species, suggesting that they have the closest genetic relationship despite being classified as distinct species. [7]

Alone, the 2 strains of Christensenella hongkongensis that were referenced (HKU16T, ABBA 15k) have had their genomes analyzed and published. [17] Hence, C. hongkongensis has been found to have an average GC content of 48.66% and an average genome size and protein count of 3000377 base pairs and 2848 proteins with a 123.5 contig count. [7]

Physiology

C. hongkongensis is a strictly anaerobic bacterium that is also non-spore forming, and shapes resembled short rods. Gram-stains revealed variable staining that were dependent on the culture-age, but generally Gram-positive. [7] The species was also confirmed to be motile, and expressed flagella as revealed by flagellar stains. [8] C. hongkongensis was also identified to be catalase positive, and has a diverse metabolic profile being able to utilize carbohydrates such as arabinose, glucose, mannose, and xylose. [18] The species expressed growth on sheep's blood agar and colony formation was observed following a 48-hour incubation at 37 °C. [8] The bacterium did not express hemolytic activity, and also did not have the capability to produce indole or reduce nitrate. [8] Available research and literature on the species did not reveal specific details regarding optimal growth conditions and generation times.

Clinical features and diagnosis

Symptoms of C. hongkongensis infection include fever, vomiting, abdominal distension and constipation. The bacteria have been present in cases of bacteraemia. [2] [19] To accurately identify C. hongkongensis, 16S rRNA sequencing is recommended. [2] Other identification methods such as MALDI-TOF, have not been able to identify the bacteria correctly. [20]

Treatment

Antibiotic treatment is usually administered upon C. hongkongensis infection. C. hongkongensis has been shown to be susceptible to antibiotics including kanamycin, vancomycin, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. [2] [3] In one case, the patient recovered without any antibiotic treatment. [20]

Significance

The prevalence of C. hongkongensis in literature arises from its association with severe infections, specifically gastrointestinal diseases. Several cases of the bacterium being present in patients suffering from conditions such as intestinal occlusion, acute intestinal infections, and sepsis. It is predicted to often exemplify the effects of these underlying conditions as well. [9] The species was also identified in European water samples. This reveals the organism's presence in external environments, and suggests that a potential source of infection in the gastrointestinal tract is through the consumption of contaminated water or food. [21] This highlights the need for improved sanitation and water quality management in regions where the bacterium may be present. The clinical outcomes from C. hongkongensis also raise concerns due to potential mortality rate, despite limited information on its epidemiology. All patients identified in literature with advanced malignancies had died, likely due to gastrointestinal translocation (passage of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to other parts of the body). [9] The morbidity that is likely caused by C. hongkongensis is bacteremia and potential septic shock. [8] [22] Bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream of patients, and is often asymptomatic, but can lead to infections or sepsis, if not properly addressed. [8]

Related Research Articles

<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> Species of bacterium

Campylobacter jejuni is a species of pathogenic bacteria that is commonly associated with poultry, and is also often found in animal feces. This species of microbe is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in Europe and in the US, with the vast majority of cases occurring as isolated events rather than mass outbreaks. Active surveillance through the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) indicates that about 20 cases are diagnosed each year for each 100,000 people in the US, while many more cases are undiagnosed or unreported; the CDC estimates a total of 1.5 million infections every year. The European Food Safety Authority reported 246,571 cases in 2018, and estimated approximately nine million cases of human campylobacteriosis per year in the European Union. Campylobacter jejuni infections are increasing at an alarming rate in Europe, North America, and Australia. In Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, data indicates that C. jejuni infections are endemic.

<i>Enterobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Cultures are found in soil, water, sewage, feces and gut environments. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. The urinary and respiratory tracts are the most common sites of infection. The genus Enterobacter is a member of the coliform group of bacteria. It does not belong to the fecal coliforms group of bacteria, unlike Escherichia coli, because it is incapable of growth at 44.5 °C in the presence of bile salts. Some of them show quorum sensing properties.

<i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> Species of bacterium

Moraxella catarrhalis is a fastidious, nonmotile, Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that can cause infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, central nervous system, and joints of humans. It causes the infection of the host cell by sticking to the host cell using trimeric autotransporter adhesins.

Streptococcus bovis is a group of strains of Gram-positive bacteria, originally described as a species, that in humans is associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, sepsis, and colorectal cancer. S. bovis is commonly found in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and may cause ruminal acidosis. It is also associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a frequent complication occurring in patients affected by cirrhosis. Equivalence with Streptococcus equinus has been contested.

<i>Elizabethkingia meningoseptica</i> Species of bacterium

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium widely distributed in nature. It may be normally present in fish and frogs; it may be isolated from chronic infectious states, as in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. In 1959, American bacteriologist Elizabeth O. King was studying unclassified bacteria associated with pediatric meningitis at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, when she isolated an organism that she named Flavobacterium meningosepticum. In 1994, it was reclassified in the genus Chryseobacterium and renamed Chryseobacterium meningosepticum(chryseos = "golden" in Greek, so Chryseobacterium means a golden/yellow rod similar to Flavobacterium). In 2005, a 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree of Chryseobacteria showed that C. meningosepticum along with C. miricola were close to each other but outside the tree of the rest of the Chryseobacteria and were then placed in a new genus Elizabethkingia named after the original discoverer of F. meningosepticum.

Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a fastidious, slow-growing, Gram-negative rod of the genus Capnocytophaga. It is a commensal bacterium in the normal gingival microbiota of canine and feline species, but can cause illness in humans. Transmission may occur through bites, licks, or even close proximity with animals. C. canimorsus generally has low virulence in healthy individuals, but has been observed to cause severe, even grave, illness in persons with pre-existing conditions. The pathogenesis of C. canimorsus is still largely unknown, but increased clinical diagnoses have fostered an interest in the bacillus. Treatment with antibiotics is effective in most cases, but the most important yet basic diagnostic tool available to clinicians remains the knowledge of recent exposure to canines or felines.

<i>Staphylococcus capitis</i> Species of bacterium

Staphylococcus capitis is a coagulase-negative species (CoNS) of Staphylococcus. It is part of the normal flora of the skin of the human scalp, face, neck, scrotum, and ears and has been associated with prosthetic valve endocarditis, but is rarely associated with native valve infection.

Clostridium innocuum is an anaerobic, non-motile, gram-positive bacterium that reproduces by sporulation. While there are over 130 species of Clostridium, C. innocuum is the third most commonly isolated. Although it is not normally considered an aggressive human pathogen, it has been isolated in some disease processes. C. innocuum and other Clostridium line the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract, and are considered normal gut flora.

Clostridium cadaveris is an enteric, gas-forming, motile, strictly anaerobic gram-positive bacterium of the genus Clostridium. First described by Klein in 1899, it was noted to be the most prominent bacteria during human decomposition; historically it was described as "putrefying flora".

Pasteurella canis is a Gram-negative, nonmotile, penicillin-sensitive coccobacillus of the family Pasteurellaceae. Bacteria from this family cause zoonotic infections in humans, which manifest themselves as skin or soft-tissue infections after an animal bite. It has been known to cause serious disease in immunocompromised patients.

Vibrio furnissii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. Its type strain is ATCC 35016. V. furnissii is aerogenic (gas-producing), and uses L-rhamnose, L-arginine, L-arabinose, maltose, and D-mannitol, but not L-lysine, L-ornithine, or lactose. It has been isolated from patients with gastroenteritis, bacteremia, skin lesions, and sepsis.

Laribacter hongkongensis is a species of bacteria. It is facultatively anaerobic, non-sporulating, gram-negative, seagull- or spiral rod-shaped. It is a potential human pathogen. Laribacter hongkongensis has been isolated from human cases of diarrhea, but its role in causing diarrhea is unproven, even though it has been hypothesized. Additional studies are needed to better define its role as a possible enteric pathogen. These should include: case control studies designed to differentiate infection from colonization-transient passage, fulfilling Koch's postulates and Bradford-Hill's criteria on association vs. causation, possible virulence factors, animal models, host factors, antibody responses based on serodiagnostic testing, and human volunteer studies. The lessons learned from trying to establish the etiological role of the bacteria genera Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and Edwardsiella in human diarrhea seem especially applicable for Laribacter. All four genera are isolated from extraintestinal infections, are apparently found in the aquatic environment, and epidemiological associations include eating fish and foreign travel. Even after over 50 years’ experience with the former three genera their etiological role in an individual case of human diarrhea is difficult to determine without extensive studies. For all four of these genera the critical issue will be differentiating infection from colonization or transient passage in the intestine.

Brucella intermedia is a bacterium from the genus of Brucella. It was first described by Velasco and others in 1998. It causes diseases in humans only rarely, with single case reports of cholangitis following liver transplantation, bacteremia in a patient with bladder cancer, a pelvic abscess after abdominal surgery, dyspepsia, endophthalmitis in the presence of a foreign body, pneumonia, and endocarditis.

Rothia mucilaginosa is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, encapsulated, non-spore-forming and non-motile coccus, present in clusters, tetrads or pairs that is a part of the normal oropharyngeal flora. Belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, it was first isolated from the mucous membrane of the cheek and gingiva. It is an oral commensal, that has been linked to causing severe bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. This bacterium has also been shown to form biofilms, similar to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. R. mucilaginosa is a cohabitant in the lower airways of patients with chronic lung diseases such as bronchiectasis, however has been shown to elicit anti-inflammatory effects.

Elizabethkingia anophelis is a yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium in the Flavobacteriaceae family. Elizabethkingia is isolated from the midgut of Anopheles gambiae G3 mosquitoes reared in captivity. The genus Elizabethkingia, named for former US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) microbiologist Elizabeth O. King, also includes E. meningoseptica which causes neonatal sepsis and infections in immunocompromised persons, E. endophytica, and E. miricola.

Christensenella is a genus of non-spore-forming, anaerobic, and nonmotile bacteria from the family Christensenellaceae. They are also part of the order Clostridiales, the class Clostridia and the phylum Firmicutes. Phylogenetic analyzes of 16S rRNA gene sequences are used to describe this family. Due to the recent discovery of the Christensenellaceae family, it was not given importance until a few years ago. This is why very little is known about its ecology and how it may be associated with host factors and other microbiota. However, recent studies establish that members of this family, with exceptions, may be associated with a healthy phenotype for humans. The species C. minuta has been published and validated, and C. timonensis and C. massiliensis have been proposed as novel species of the genus Christensenella, all isolated from human feces.

Anaerococcus is a genus of bacteria. Its type species is Anaerococcus prevotii. These bacteria are Gram-positive and strictly anaerobic. The genus Anaerococcus was proposed in 2001. Its genome was sequenced in August 2009. The genus Anaerococcus is one of six genera classified within the group GPAC. These six genera are found in the human body as part of the commensal human microbiota.

Sediminibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae. Sediminibacillus species are halophilic bacteria and found in salty human stools and marine sponges. Sediminibacillus species are identified from Plakortis dariae sponge of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.

Bilophila wadsworthia is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, catalase-positive, bile-resistant, and asaccharolytic bacillus. Approximately 75% of B. wadsworthia strains are urease positive. B. wadsworthia is linked to various diseases and is not well known due to frequent misidentification of the bacteria, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information is including it the phylum of Proteobacteria. The two unique characteristics of B. wadsworthia are the utilisation of the sulfated amino acid taurine in the production of hydrogen sulfide and the rapid catalase reaction. This bacterium is susceptible to the β-lactam antibiotics imipenem, cefoxitin, and ticarcillin.

Actinomyces massiliensis is an anaerobic, mesophilic, Gram-positive bacterium originally isolated from a human blood sample and belonging to the genus Actinomyces.

References

  1. ↑ Liu X, Sutter JL, de la Cuesta-Zuluaga J, Waters JL, Youngblut ND, Ley RE. (2021). "Reclassification of Catabacter hongkongensis as Christensenella hongkongensis comb. nov. based on whole genome analysis". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (4): 4774. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004774. PMC   8289216 . PMID   33881979.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Lau, S. K. P.; McNabb, A.; Woo, G. K. S.; Hoang, L.; Fung, A. M. Y.; Chung, L. M. W.; Woo, P. C. Y.; Yuen, K.-Y. (2006-11-22). "Catabacter hongkongensis gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from Blood Cultures of Patients from Hong Kong and Canada". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (2): 395–401. doi: 10.1128/jcm.01831-06 . ISSN   0095-1137. PMC   1829005 . PMID   17122022.
  3. 1 2 Lau, Susanna K. P.; Fan, Rachel Y. Y.; Lo, Hoo-Wing; Ng, Ricky H. Y.; Wong, Samson S. Y.; Li, Iris W. S.; Wu, Alan K. L.; Ng, Kenneth H. L.; Tseung, Steven; Lee, Rodney A.; Fung, Kitty S. C. (2012-07-01). "High Mortality Associated with Catabacter hongkongensis Bacteremia". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 50 (7): 2239–2243. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00128-12 . ISSN   0095-1137. PMC   3405600 . PMID   22518872.
  4. ↑ Choi, Yong Jun; M.D; Won, Eun Jeong; M.D; Kim, Soo Hyun; M.D; Shin, Myung Geun; M.D; Shin, Jong Hee; M.D; Suh, and Soon Pal (2017-01-01). "First Case Report of Bacteremia Due to Catabacter hongkongensis in a Korean Patient". Annals of Laboratory Medicine. 37 (1): 84–87. doi:10.3343/alm.2017.37.1.84. PMC   5107626 . PMID   27834074.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Liu X, Sutter JL, de la Cuesta-Zuluaga J, Waters JL, Youngblut ND, Ley RE (2021). "Reclassification of Catabacter hongkongensis as Christensenella hongkongensis comb. nov. based on whole genome analysis". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 71 (4): 004774. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004774. PMC   8289216 . PMID   33881979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. 1 2 Morotomi, M; Nagai, F; Watanabe, Y (2012). "Description of Christensenella minuta gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human faeces, which forms a distinct branch in the order Clostridiales, and proposal of Christensenellaceae fam. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (1): 144–149. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.026989-0. PMID   21357455.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Liu, X; Sutter, JL; de la Cuesta-Zuluaga, J; Waters, JL; Youngblut, ND; Ley, RE (2021). "Reclassification of Catabacter hongkongensis as Christensenella hongkongensis comb. nov. based on whole genome analysis". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (4): 004774. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004774. PMC   8289216 . PMID   33881979.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Lau, SKP; McNabb, A; Gibson, K (2007). "Catabacter hongkongensis gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from Blood Cultures of Patients from Hong Kong and Canada". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (2): 395–401. doi:10.1128/jcm.01831-06. PMC   1829005 . PMID   17122022.
  9. 1 2 3 Valentin, M; Corvec, Stéphane; Chéné, Anne-Laure (2022). "A fatal case associated with Catabacter hongkongensis bacteremia in lung cancer patient: A case report". IDCases. 29: e01535. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01535. PMC   9253638 . PMID   35801007.
  10. ↑ Ang, W. S., Law, J. W., Letchumanan, V., Hong, K. W., Wong, S. H., Ab Mutalib, N. S., Chan, K. G., Lee, L. H., & Tan, L. T. (2023). "A Keystone Gut Bacterium Christensenella minuta-A Potential Biotherapeutic Agent for Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases". Foods. 12 (13): 2485. doi: 10.3390/foods12132485 . PMC   10341079 . PMID   37444223.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Ndongo S, Khelaifia S, Fournier PE, Raoult D. (2016). "Christensenella massiliensis, a new bacterial species isolated from the human gut". New Microbes and New Infections. 12: 69–70. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.04.014. PMC   4909720 . PMID   27330817.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101276, PMID   38799965,  Retraction Watch . If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{ expression of concern |...}} with {{ expression of concern |...|intentional=yes}}.)
  12. ↑ Zou, Y., Xue, W., Lin, X., Hu, T., Liu, S. W., Sun, C. H., Luo, G., Lv, M., Dai, Y., Kristiansen, K., & Xiao, L (2021). "Taxonomic Description and Genome Sequence of Christensenella intestinihominis sp. nov., a Novel Cholesterol-Lowering Bacterium Isolated From Human Gut". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632361 . PMC   7937921 . PMID   33692769.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Ndongo S, Dubourg G, Khelaifia S, Fournier PE, Raoult D (2016). "Christensenella timonensis, a new bacterial species isolated from the human gut". New Microbes and New Infections. 13: 32–33. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.05.010. PMC   4925455 . PMID   27408737.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101277, PMID   38799867,  Retraction Watch . If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{ expression of concern |...}} with {{ expression of concern |...|intentional=yes}}.)
  14. 1 2 Jillian L. Waters, Ruth E. Ley (2019). "The human gut bacteria Christensenellaceae are widespread, heritable, and associated with health". BMC Biology. 17 (1): 83. doi: 10.1186/s12915-019-0699-4 . PMC   6819567 . PMID   31660948.
  15. ↑ Ayakdaş G, Ağagündüz D (2023). "Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) as novel gut microbiome modulators in noncommunicable diseases". Heliyon. 9 (9): e19888. Bibcode:2023Heliy...919888A. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19888 . PMC   10559293 . PMID   37809641.
  16. ↑ Markowiak-Kopeć P, Śliżewska K (2020). "The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome". Nutrients. 12 (4): 1107. doi: 10.3390/nu12041107 . PMC   7230973 . PMID   32316181.
  17. ↑ "JGI GOLD | Analysis Projects".
  18. ↑ Waters, JL; Ley, RE (2019). "The human gut bacteria Christensenellaceae are widespread, heritable, and associated with health". BMC Biology. 17 (1): 83. doi: 10.1186/s12915-019-0699-4 . PMC   6819567 . PMID   31660948.
  19. ↑ Elsendoorn, Antoine (July 2011). "Catabacter hongkongensis Bacteremia with Fatal Septic Shock". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (7): 1330–1331. doi: 10.3201/eid1707.101773 . ISSN   1080-6040. PMC   3381405 . PMID   21762611.
  20. 1 2 Kaden, R.; Thelander, M.; Engstrand, L.; Herrmann, B. (2017-01-01). "First case of human bacteraemia by Catabacter hongkongensis in Scandinavia". New Microbes and New Infections. 15: 6–8. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2016.09.015 . ISSN   2052-2975. PMC   5094672 . PMID   27830080.
  21. ↑ Codony, F; Adrados, B; Pérez, LM; Fittipaldi, M; Morató, J (2009). "Detection of Catabacter hongkongensis in polluted European water samples". Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B. 10 (12): 867–869. doi:10.1631/jzus.B0920218. PMC   2789520 . PMID   19946949.
  22. ↑ Bates, DW (1995). "How Bad Are Bacteremia and Sepsis?". Archives of Internal Medicine. 155 (6): 593. doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.00430060050006.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.