Christensenella

Christensenella
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Bacillota
Class:	Clostridia
Order:	Christensenellales
Family:	Christensenellaceae
Genus:	Christensenella Morotomi et al. 2012
Type species
Christensenella minuta Morotomi et al. 2012
Species
C. hongkongensis C. intestinihominis "C. massiliensi" C. minuta C. tenuis "C. timonensis"

Christensenella is a genus of non-spore-forming, anaerobic, and nonmotile bacteria from the family Christensenellaceae. They are also part of the order Clostridiales, the class Clostridia and the phylum Firmicutes. ^[1] Phylogenetic analyzes of 16S rRNA gene sequences are used to describe this family. Due to the recent discovery of the Christensenellaceae family, it was not given importance until a few years ago. This is why very little is known about its ecology and how it may be associated with host factors and other microbiota. However, recent studies establish that members of this family, with exceptions, may be associated with a healthy phenotype for humans. ^[2] The species C. minuta has been published and validated, and C. timonensis and C. massiliensis have been proposed as novel species of the genus Christensenella, all isolated from human feces.

Characteristics (health-related group)

Some of the most relevant features are:

• It has been detected in the mucosa of the colon, ileum and appendix, and there is also evidence of colonization of the respiratory tract. It has a probable preference for the distal colon, which corresponds to its fermentative activities. In humans, this family corresponds to an average of 0.01% of the fecal microbiota. ^[2]
• It has been associated with human longevity. We found a greater amount in centenarians compared to younger individuals.
• It is identified as one of the most heritable.
• Individuals with a normal body mass index (BMI) have a higher number of Christensenellaceae than obese individuals; if these are put on a diet, the Christensenellaceae increases after weight loss. ^[3]
• Its proportion increases when triglyceride levels are low and high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "cholesterol" levels) are high.
• It has been associated with healthy glucose metabolism. It is also related to the consumption of dairy products and the fermentation of proteins and fibers. It has a greater abundance in omnivores compared to vegetarians, since it responds quickly to an increase in animal products in the diet. ^[4]
• Individuals with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis depleted Christensenellaceae. ^[5]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) ^[6] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) ^[7]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024 [8] [9] [10]	120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220 [11] [12] [13]
Christensenella C. hongkongensis C. tenuis C. intestinihominis C. minuta	Christensenella "C. timonensis" Ndongo et al. 2016 C. hongkongensis (Lau et al. 2014) Liu et al. 2021 "C. massiliensis" Ndongo et al. 2016 C. tenuisLiu et al. 2022 C. intestinihominisZou et al. 2021 C. minutaMorotomi et al. 2012

Christensenella minuta

C. minuta was the first species described in the new family Christensenellaceae in 2012 by Morotomi et al. ^[1] According to research performed on healthy volunteers in 2014, the bacterium was identified as the most heritable gut microbe in humans, in which its presence is mainly determined by genetic background. C. minuta seems to play a major role in the development of a healthy gut microbiome coexisting with other important microbes, and missing in many chronically ill patients. ^[14]

C. minuta in the gut has been associated with reduction in body weight and adiposity of mice. ^[15] In a test on 977 volunteers, humans with higher levels of Christensenella in their guts were found to be more likely to have a lower body mass index than those with low levels. ^{[16] [17] [18]} Christensenella are better represented in persons who are metabolically healthy. ^[18] However, there is a link to possible pathogenic qualities of C. minuta in humans. An 18-year-old male presented with symptoms of appendicitis. Lab work revealed C. minuta was found in his bloodstream. Upon removal of the appendix, his symptoms and blood levels of C. minuta disappeared. ^[19]

Characteristic	Specific to C. minuta [14]
Morphology	non-spore-forming, non-motile, short rods
Gram staining	Gram-negative
Oxygen sensitivy	not extremely oxygen-sensitive
Optimal pH	7.5
Optimal temperature	37 - 40 °C
Catalase activity	catalase-negative
Utilized sugars	glucose, D-xylose, D-mannose, salicin, L-ramnose, and L-arabinose
Sugars that cannot be utilized	maltose, lactose, trehalose, sucrose, D-sorbitol, raffinose, D-mannitol, melesitol cellobiose
Enzymatic activity	β-galactosidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α-arabinosidase, β-glucosidase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase

Christensenella intestinihominis

Characteristic	Specific to C. intestinihominis [20]
Morphology	non-motile, short rods, circular shape
Gram staining	Gram-negative
Oxygen sensitivy	obligate anaerobic
Optimal pH	6.0 to 8.5
Optimal temperature	37 - 42 °C
Catalase activity	catalase-negative
Utilized sugars	arabinose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, xylose, mannitol, maltose, sulphata, pine syrup, raffinose, sorbitol

Christensenella timonensis

Characteristic	Specific to C. timonensis [21]
Morphology	non-motile, non-spore forming, bacilli
Gram staining	Gram-negative
Oxygen sensitivy	strictly anaerobic
Optimal pH	ND
Optimal temperature	37 °C
Catalase activity	catalase-negative
Utilized sugars	ND

See also

• List of bacterial orders
• List of bacteria genera

References

1. Morotomi, Masami; Nagai, Fumiko; Watanabe, Yohei (2012). "Description of Christensenella minuta gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human faeces, which forms a distinct branch in the order Clostridiales, and proposal of Christensenellaceae fam. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (1): 144–149. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.026989-0 . ISSN   1466-5034. PMID   21357455.
2. Waters, Jillian L.; Ley, Ruth E. (2019-10-28). "The human gut bacteria Christensenellaceae are widespread, heritable, and associated with health". BMC Biology. 17 (1): 83. doi: 10.1186/s12915-019-0699-4 . ISSN   1741-7007. PMC   6819567 . PMID   31660948.  This article incorporates textfrom this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
3. Lim JM, Letchumanan V, Tan LT, Hong KW, Wong SH, Ab Mutalib NS, et al. (August 2022). "Ketogenic Diet: A Dietary Intervention via Gut Microbiome Modulation for the Treatment of Neurological and Nutritional Disorders (a Narrative Review)". Nutrients. 14 (17): 3566. doi: 10.3390/nu14173566 . PMC   9460077 . PMID   36079829.
4. Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, Sutter JL, Koren O, Blekhman R, et al. (November 2014). "Human genetics shape the gut microbiome". Cell. 159 (4): 789–799. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.053. PMC   4255478 . PMID   25417156.
5. Liu X, Sutter JL, de la Cuesta-Zuluaga J, Waters JL, Youngblut ND, Ley RE (April 2021). "Reclassification of Catabacter hongkongensis as Christensenella hongkongensis comb. nov. based on whole genome analysis". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 71 (4): 004774. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004774. PMC   8289216 . PMID   33881979.
6. J.P. Euzéby. "Christensenella". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
7. Sayers; et al. "Christensenella". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
8. "The LTP" . Retrieved 10 December 2024.
9. "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 10 December 2024.
10. "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
11. "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2024.
12. "bac120_r220.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2024.
13. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2024.
14. Pető Á, Kósa D, Szilvássy Z, Fehér P, Ujhelyi Z, Kovács G, Német I, Pócsi I, Bácskay I (August 2023). "Scientific and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Christensenella minuta, a Promising Next-Generation Probiotic". Fermentation. 9 (8): 767. doi: 10.3390/fermentation9080767 . ISSN   2311-5637.
15. Waters JL, Goodrich JK, Ley RE. "The human gut bacterium Christensenella minuta reduces weight and adiposity gains in mice" (PDF). Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Microbiology, Cornell University.
16. Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, Sutter JL, Koren O, Blekhman R, et al. (November 2014). "Human genetics shape the gut microbiome". Cell. 159 (4): 789–799. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.053. PMC   4255478 . PMID   25417156.
17. Hamzelou J (6 November 2014). "Composition of your gut bacteria may be inherited". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
18. Stenman LK, Burcelin R, Lahtinen S (February 2016). "Establishing a causal link between gut microbes, body weight gain and glucose metabolism in humans - towards treatment with probiotics". Beneficial Microbes. 7 (1): 11–22. doi:10.3920/BM2015.0069. PMID   26565087.
19. Alonso BL, Irigoyen von Sierakowski A, Sáez Nieto JA, Rosel AB (April 2017). "First report of human infection by Christensenella minuta, a gram-negative, strickly anaerobic rod that inhabits the human intestine". Anaerobe. 44: 124–125. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.007. PMID   28286022.
20. Zou Y, Xue W, Lin X, Hu T, Liu SW, Sun CH, et al. (2021-02-22). "Taxonomic Description and Genome Sequence of Christensenella intestinihominis sp. nov., a Novel Cholesterol-Lowering Bacterium Isolated From Human Gut". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 632361. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632361 . PMC   7937921 . PMID   33692769.
21. Ndongo S, Dubourg G, Khelaifia S, Fournier PE, Raoult D (September 2016). "Christensenella timonensis, a new bacterial species isolated from the human gut". New Microbes and New Infections. 13: 32–33. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.05.010. PMC   4925455 . PMID   27408737. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101277, PMID   38799867,  Retraction Watch . If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{ expression of concern |...}} with {{ expression of concern |...|intentional=yes}}.)