Chrysolina coerulans

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Chrysolina coerulans
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Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Chrysolina
Subgenus: Synerga
Species:
C. coerulans
Binomial name
Chrysolina coerulans
(Scriba, 1791)
Synonyms [1]

Chrysomela coerulans L.G.Scriba, 1791

Chrysolina coerulans, also known as the blue mint beetle or blue mint leaf beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is a member of the subgenus Synerga of the genus Chrysolina . It is native to a wide range of countries between mid and eastern Europe and lives alongside rivers and in meadows, it feeds on various plant members of the mint family.

Contents

It was first spotted in the UK in 2011, when it was first reported to the Royal Horticultural Society’s entomology department in July. In 2012, it was found breeding in Kent, Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. It has further spread throughout the UK.

Description

Chrysolina coerulans Chrysolina.coerulans3.-.lindsey.jpg
Chrysolina coerulans
Chrysolina coerulans Chrysolina coerulans01.jpg
Chrysolina coerulans

The larvae of Chrysolina coerulans are soft-bodied, rounded in shape and black in colour. [2]

Th adult beetles are 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long, [3] [4] [5] with black legs and antennae. It has a smooth head, without longitudinal groove, [3] and parallel-sided thorax. [6] The pronotal disk (which is found at the top of the first thoracic segment) of C. coerulans has fine punctures. [6] It has a smooth elytra (hardened forewing), [3] which is distinctly metallic blue, [6] or iridescent blue. [2]

These beetles should not be confused with the 'green mint beetle' (or Chrysolina herbacea ), as it is greener in appearance (emerald green, [4] ) and slightly larger in size, [2] as C. herbacea measures 7–11 mm in length. [7] C. herbacea and Chrysolina graminis (tansy beetle) both have a mixture of fine and coarse punctures on the pronotal disk. [6]

Similar to other species of Chrysolina beetles, C. coerulans has cardiac glycosides (including xylose) in its defensive glands. [8]

Taxonomy

It is commonly known as the blue mint beetle, [1] [5] [9] or blue mint leaf beetle. [10]

It was originally published and described by German theologian and entomologist, Ludwig Gottlieb Scriba in 1791 in Journal für die Liebhaber der Entomologie, Volume 3 on page 286. [11] [12]

Its species name coerulans is a form of the Latin noun caeruleus meaning 'turning blue', [13] or coeruleus meaning 'blue'. [5] Occasionally, it is misspelt as Chrysolina caerulans, (with an 'a' in the second name). [3] [6] [14]

Distribution

Its distribution spans mid and eastern Europe, [5] [10] including Cyprus, [15] Hungary, [16] France, Italy, Macedonia, Turkey. [11] Then in 2009; Latvia, [17] and then in 2011; Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Ukraine. [6] The 2009 source also mentions the range extending to Central Asia; the Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, southern Urals, western China, northern and eastern India. [17]

Habitat

It is found in damp meadows and along riversides, [10] in lowlands and mountains, up to 1,650 m (5,410 ft) above sea level. [12]

Biology

Chrysolina coerulans Chrysolina Coerulans 02.jpg
Chrysolina coerulans

Adults can be found from May to September. Their life span is one year, [10] and they are diurnal (meaning active during the day), [2] They feed on various plant species of Mentha and Tanacetum , [12] including within a garden setting; garden mint, Moroccan mint, spearmint and Corsican mint types, [2] as well as the wild horse mint. [15] Both larvae and adults feed on mint leaves in spring and summer. [5] [10] [18]

Blue mint beetle in the UK

In Kent, [2] it was detected breeding in the UK for the first time in July 2011, [5] [9] [10] it had come from mainland Europe. [10] It was then first reported to the Royal Horticultural Society's entomology department. [4]

The RHS then started asking gardeners to check mint plants for tell-tale holes, then report them back to them. [4] [18] There had been a single confirmed sighting, the RHS was keen to find out if it was an isolated outbreak. [4]

RHS plant health principal scientist Andrew Halstead said as the bug was established on mainland Europe, "The detection of breeding adults in the UK could mean problems for gardeners who grow this herb," he said. "It is important that we find out if there are other breeding adults in the UK." [4]

Main symptoms UK gardeners were asked to look for irregular holes in foliage and blue beetles on the leaves. [9] [10]

In 2012, it was recorded as being found in several locations in Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. [5] [6] [9]

It was later recorded as being found in Hampshire, parts of London and Edinburgh. It was expected to spread further throughout the UK, [2] [5] [9] as the beetle has a widespread occurrence on the mainland of Europe. [4]

There are a few other beetles that are similar in form to the blue mint beetle, but they feed on different plants. A metallic blue beetle located near an Alder tree will most likely be an alder leaf beetle ( Agelastica alni ), as opposed to a blue mint beetle found on mint plants. [2]

Treatment

Biological treatment

Mint plants are quite hardy and are able to tolerate some damage to the leaves. However, hand removal of beetles can be done if required.

Chemical treatment

As mint plants are normally grown to be used for culinary purposes, it is recommended that chemical treatments should not be used. Also pesticides should be avoided if plants are located near water bodies.

If needed, there is a wide range of organic pesticides on the market. These can be applied to the larvae over a course of several applications. However, as chemicals are non-selective, they can affect everything nearby. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leaf beetle</span> Family of beetles

The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tansy beetle</span> Species of beetle

The tansy beetle is a species of leaf beetle. The common name derives from its main foodplant, Tansy, but it can also use other wetland plants such as Gypsywort and Water Mint. It measures 7.7–10.5 mm in length and has a characteristic bright metallic green colouration, with pitted elytra and a coppery tinge. In addition to the nominotypical subspecies, which repeats the specific name, C. graminis graminis, there are five further distinct subspecies of Tansy beetle, which, collectively, have a Palearctic distribution, although in the majority of countries where it is found the species is declining. In the United Kingdom it is designated as 'Nationally Rare'. The stronghold population here is located along the banks of the river Ouse in York, North Yorkshire. Other, small, fenland populations exist at Woodwalton Fen and at Welney Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) reserve.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scarlet lily beetle</span> Species of beetle

The scarlet lily beetle, red lily beetle, or lily leaf beetle, is a leaf beetle that eats the leaves, stem, buds, and flowers, of lilies, fritillaries and other members of the family Liliaceae. It lays its eggs most often on Lilium and Fritillaria species. In the absence of Lilium and Fritillaria species, there are fewer eggs laid and the survival rate of eggs and larvae is reduced. It is now a pest in most temperate climates where lilies are cultivated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flea beetle</span> Tribe of small jumping beetles

The flea beetle is a small, jumping beetle of the leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae), that makes up the tribe Alticini which is part of the subfamily Galerucinae. Historically the flea beetles were classified as their own subfamily.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cassidinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

The Cassidinae are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. The antennae arise close to each other and some members have the pronotal and elytral edges extended to the side and covering the legs so as to give them the common name of tortoise beetles. Some members, such as in the tribe Hispini, are notable for the spiny outgrowths to the pronotum and elytra.

<i>Chrysolina cerealis</i> Species of beetle

Chrysolina cerealis, the rainbow leaf beetle or Snowdon beetle, is a beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.

<i>Chrysolina americana</i> Species of beetle

Chrysolina americana, common name rosemary beetle, is a species of beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.

<i>Chrysolina</i> Genus of beetles

Chrysolina is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America and introduced species in Australia.

<i>Chrysolina grossa</i> Species of beetle

Chrysolina grossa, the red leaf beetle, is a species of broad-shouldered leaf beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Chrysomelinae.

<i>Anoplotrupes stercorosus</i> Species of beetle

Anoplotrupes stercorosus, the dor beetle, is a species of earth-boring dung beetle belonging to the family Geotrupidae, subfamily Geotrupinae.

<i>Leptinotarsa haldemani</i> Species of beetle

Leptinotarsa haldemani, commonly known as Haldeman's green potato beetle, is a glossy green-colored species of beetle in the leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae. It was named in honour of Samuel Stehman Haldeman, a 19th-century American entomologist who collected insect specimens in Texas.

Longitarsus suturellus is a species of beetle in the subfamily Galerucinae. It is distributed in the Palearctic realm from the Pyrenees to Japan. Adult beetles and larvae feed on the leaves of sage (Senecio) (Asteraceae).

<i>Chrysolina fastuosa</i> Species of beetle

Chrysolina fastuosa, also known as the dead-nettle leaf beetle, is a species of beetle from a family of Chrysomelidae found in Europe, Caucasus and northern Turkey.

<i>Chrysolina herbacea</i> Species of beetle

Chrysolina herbacea, also known as the mint leaf beetle, or green mint beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae.

<i>Chrysolina bankii</i> Species of beetle

Chrysolina bankii is a species of leaf beetle native to western Europe and the western Mediterranean Basin. It has also been introduced to the US, where its range is expanding.

<i>Hemisphaerota cyanea</i> Species of beetle

Hemisphaerota cyanea, known generally as palmetto tortoise beetle, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. Other names include the Florida tortoise beetle and iridescent blue chrysomelid beetle. It is native to the southeastern United States, from North Carolina, south to Florida, and west to Mississippi. It is introduced to southern Texas.

<i>Trirhabda flavolimbata</i> Species of beetle

Trirhabda flavolimbata, also called the coyote brush leaf beetle, is a species of skeletonizing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in California in coastal scrublands or chaparral habitats. Its main host plant is coyote brush, but it has been noted to feed on other species of Baccharis, as well as Aster, Senecio, Artemisia, Solidago, and Eriodictyon.

<i>Chrysolina haemoptera</i> Species of beetle

Chrysolina haemoptera, also known as the plantain leaf beetle, is a species of leaf beetle in the genus Chrysolina. They are associated with plantains (Plantago), particularly Plantago coronopus.

<i>Lamprolina</i> Genus of beetles

Lamprolina is an Australian genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) found in Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Blue Mint Beetle Chrysolina coerulans". candide gardening.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Chrysolina herbacea (Linnaeus, 1758)". uk beetles. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rosenberg, Marc (20 August 2012). "Watch out for blue mint beetle". amateurgardening.com. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dr. Peter Jarvis The Pelagic Dictionary of Natural History of the British Isles: Descriptions (2020) , p. 312, at Google Books
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  7. "Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid, 1825)". Coleoptera.org. Archived from the original on 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
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  11. 1 2 Blagoĭ Gruev Checklist of Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Hispinae and Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) In Republic of Macedonia (1998) , p. 2, at Google Books
  12. 1 2 3 Blagoĭ Gruev and Vassil Tomov Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricae Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (1998) , p. 48, at Google Books
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  14. "coerulans Scriba, 1791 described in Chrysomela" . Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  15. 1 2 George P. Georghiou, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 1977 The Insects and Mites of Cyprus: With Emphasis on Species of Economic Importance to Agriculture, Forestry, Man, and Domestic Animals , p. 46, at Google Books
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  17. 1 2 Bukejs, Andris (January 2009). "Two new leaf-beetles species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for the Latvian fauna". Baltic Journal of Coleopterology. 9 (2): 155–160.
  18. 1 2 "RHS Wisley. Blue mint beetle". www.bbc.co.uk. Gardener's World. Retrieved 3 May 2021.

Other sources