Clathrina coriacea

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Clathrina coriacea
Clathrina coriacea (Montagu, 1818) sur Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Calcarea
Order: Clathrinida
Family: Clathrinidae
Genus: Clathrina
Species:
C. coriacea
Binomial name
Clathrina coriacea
(Montagu, 1814)
Synonyms
  • Ascetta coriacea(Montagu, 1814)
  • Ascetta membranaceaHaeckel, 1872
  • Clathrina sulphureaCarter, 1872
  • Grantia coriacea(Montagu, 1814)
  • Grantia himantia(Haeckel, 1869)
  • Grantia multicavataBean, 1842
  • Leucosolenia coriacea(Montagu, 1814)
  • Leucosolenia himantiaHaeckel, 1869
  • Spongia coriaceaMontagu, 1814

Clathrina coriacea is a species of calcareous sponge belonging to the class Calcarea and family Clathrinidae. [1] Species in the genus Clathrina are composed of calcium carbonate tube-like skeletons containing spicules. [2] The sponge can be located in shallow waters widely distributed along North Atlantic coasts, as well as on other coasts. [1]

Contents

Anatomy

This three-dimensional calcareous sponge species occurs as flat white or yellow encrustations and can also be found with grey, pale rose or orange colors. [3] The sponge ranges from 1 cm to 3 cm in diameter with a central osculum and close inspection reveals a tightly-knit latticework of tubes. [4] The calcareous spicules are all of a similar shape, three-rayed triactines. The equiangular triradiate spicules have spicule ray junctions that are planar with large dimensions. [5] The tight tubes form a delicate common oscule and the skeleton is made of the calcareous spicules. [4] At younger ages the species are thin and when mature they are soft with tight tubes. [3]

Habitat

Environment

his is largely a shallow-water species though it has been recorded at depths of up to 650 m. The substrate is often rock but this sponge is also common on kelp holdfasts and on other sponge species. The sponge is normally found with Dendrodoa grossularia in caves and canyons, but can also be located on the shore on rocks. [6] Additionally, the sponge can be found in dense amounts with Dendrodoa in gullies and tunnels encountering wave-surges. [7] This calcareous sponge species can also be found in mud banks. [8]

Distribution

This species is found along east Atlantic coasts from as far North as the Arctic and down south near South Africa, but is mostly well-defined in the North Atlantic and on the coasts of the British Isles. [9] This species has been found in the Lingurian Sea with purple spots around the sponge. It was determined that these purple spots on the sponge was a web of hyphae of a fungus that causes these spots to appear. [10]

Behavior

Reproduction

The reproduction time period of Clathrina coriacea is from the summer and fall months of July to October. [11] This sponge species can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction and is also known to be a hermaphrodite. [12] This species of sponge undergoes fragmentation in the summer and reproduction is influenced by environmental factors including temperature. Oogenesis is common in this sponge species and they have a total cleavage which allows the species to form blastula larva that has one posterior granular cell. [13] Once in the parent, the larva blastomeres will migrate into the blastocoel. In order for this calcareous sponge species to reproduce, there is a required minimum size for the adult. [14] Buds on the external side of the sponge have been previously identified before. [15]

Feeding

The Clathrina coriacea are omnivores and feed on several Chaetoceros species. [16] Calcareous sponges are filter feeders that can filter out heterotrophic bacteria in large amounts of water and feed on picoplankton (< 2μm). [17] These sponges are significant in the process of cycling food particles throughout the water column and rocky habitats. [17] They have numerous predators including the Red Reef Hermit Crab and several shrimp species such as the Sand Snapping Shrimp and Dotted Pistol Shrimp.   

Locomotion

The Clathrina coriacea has been observed contracting and changing shape to move. [18] In general, locomotion in sponges occurs in outward movements as the sponge moves its spicules. [18] This species of sponge does not have a radial center, so the locomotion and contracting of the sponge is much slower than other species such as Leucosolenia botryoides . [18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcareous sponge</span> Class of marine sponges of the phylum Porifera which have spicules of calcium carbonate

The calcareoussponges are members of the animal phylum Porifera, the cellular sponges. They are characterized by spicules made of calcium carbonate, in the form of high-magnesium calcite or aragonite. While the spicules in most species are triradiate, some species may possess two- or four-pointed spicules. Unlike other sponges, calcareans lack microscleres, tiny spicules which reinforce the flesh. In addition, their spicules develop from the outside-in, mineralizing within a hollow organic sheath.

<i>Clathrina</i> Genus of sponges

Clathrina is a genus of calcareous sponge in the family Clathrinidae. Several species formerly in Clathrina were transferred to the newly erected genera Arturia, Ernstia, Borojevia, and Brattegardia in 2013. The name is derived from the Latin word "clathratus" meaning "latticed".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minchinellidae</span> Order of sponges

Minchinellidae is a family of calcareous sponges, members of the class Calcarea. It is the only family in the monotypic order Lithonida. The families Petrobionidae and Lepidoleuconidae have also sometimes been placed within Lithonida, though more recently they have been moved to the order Baerida. Thanks to their hypercalcified structure, minchinellids have a fossil record reaching as far back as the Jurassic Period.

Baerida is an order of sea sponges in the subclass of Calcaronea, first described in 2000 by Radovan Borojevic, Nicole Boury-Esnault and Jean Vacelet. Baerida contains four families; two of these families were formerly placed within the order Lithonida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hexasterophora</span> Subclass of Hexactinellid sponges

Hexasterophora are a subclass of glass sponges in the class Hexactinellida. Most living hexasterophorans can be divided into three orders: Lyssacinosida, Lychniscosida, and Sceptrulophora. Like other glass sponges, hexasterophorans have skeletons composed of overlapping six-rayed spicules. In addition, they can be characterized by the presence of hexasters, a type of microsclere with six rays unfurling into multi-branched structures.

Borojevia aspina is a species of calcareous sponge from Brazil. The species name refers to the lack of spines in the apical actine.

Clathrina blanca is a species of Calcareous sponge in the genus Clathrina.

<i>Borojevia cerebrum</i> Species of sponge

Borojevia cerebrum is a species of calcareous sponge from the Mediterranean Sea. The species name refers to the brain-like appearance of the sponge.

Clathrina ceylonensis is a species of calcareous sponge from Sri Lanka. The species name is derived from Ceylon, the former name of Sri Lanka.

<i>Clathrina clathrus</i> Species of sponge

Clathrina clathrus is a species of calcareous sponge belonging to the family Clathrinidae.

Clathrina cylindractina is a species of calcareous sponge from Brazil. The species is named after the cylindrical-shaped actines the sponge possesses.

Ascaltis gardineri is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Leucascidae from India and the Seychelles. The species is named after the British zoologist John Stanley Gardiner.

Clathrina heronensis is a species of calcareous sponge fin the family Clathrinidae and found in the seas around Australia, and in the coastal seas of many islands to her north. It was first described by Gert Wörheide and John Hooper in 1999.

<i>Clathrina lacunosa</i> Species of sponge

Clathrina lacunosa is a species of calcareous sponge from the British Isles. The species name means "having holes" and refers to the perforations found in the sides of the sponge. It is usually found on vertical solid surfaces at depths down to 220 m. It is distributed in the north-eastern Atlantic from the Arctic to the Mediterranean. It is a fairly common sponge but is often overlooked due to its small size.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sponge spicule</span> Structural element of sea sponges

Spicules are structural elements found in most sponges. The meshing of many spicules serves as the sponge's skeleton and thus it provides structural support and potentially defense against predators.

Clathrina antofagastensis is a species of calcareous sponge from Chile. The species is named after Antofagasta, Chile, where the holotype was discovered.

Clathrina broenstedi is a species of calcareous sponge from the Weddell Sea. The species is named after Holger Brøndsted, a Danish sponge researcher. The only spicules present in this species are triactines.

Clathrina fjordica is a species of calcareous sponge from Chile. The species is named after Comau Fjord, the type locality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange pipe sponge</span> Species of sponge

The orange pipe sponge, sometimes referred to as the orange pipe calcerous sponge or Leucosolenia botryoides, is a soft, white sponge with a tubular branching structure. The name is derived from the Greek word, "botrys", which means "cluster of grapes", relating to the branched structure of the sponge. It was originally found and named Spongia botryoides and given the common name "grape sponge" by researchers John Ellis and Daniel Charles Solander in 1786 before it was discovered to be a part of the genus Leucosolenia and changed to the orange pipe sponge. In Ellis and Solander's discovery, they described the sponge as "tender and branched as in bunches" where the "bunches are hollow." It is considered an asconoid sponge because it has no definitive shape.

References

  1. 1 2 "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Clathrina coriacea (Montagu, 1814)". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  2. ↑ "Marine Species Identification Portal : Clathrina coriacea". species-identification.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  3. 1 2 "Clathrina coriacea - Marine Life Encyclopedia". www.habitas.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  4. 1 2 "Marine Species Identification Portal : Clathrina coriacea". species-identification.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  5. ↑ Johnson, Marion Fischel (2011-02-14). "A comparative study of the external form and skeleton of the calcareous sponges Clathrina coriacea and Clathrina blanca from Santa Catalina Island, California". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 56 (8): 1669–1677. doi:10.1139/z78-230.
  6. ↑ "Clathrina coriacea - Marine Life Encyclopedia". www.habitas.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  7. ↑ "Dendrodoa grossularia and Clathrina coriacea on wave-surged vertical infralittoral rock: Marine Evidence–based Sensitivity Assessment (MarESA) Review" (PDF). 2019. doi:10.17031/MARLINHAB.190.1.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ "Marine Species Identification Portal : Clathrina coriacea". species-identification.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  9. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Clathrina coriacea (Montagu, 1814)". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  10. ↑ Gaino, E.; Bo, M.; Betti, F.; Bertolino, M.; Scoccia, F.; Bavestrello, G. (2014-10-02). "Ultrastructural evidence of a fungus-sponge association in the Ligurian Sea: a case study of Clathrina coriacea (Porifera: Calcarea)". Italian Journal of Zoology. 81 (4): 501–507. doi: 10.1080/11250003.2014.953219 . ISSN   1125-0003.
  11. ↑ Johnson, M. F. (1978-03-01). "Studies on the reproductive cycles of the calcareous sponges Clathrina coriacea and C. blanca". Marine Biology. 50 (1): 73–79. Bibcode:1978MarBi..50...73J. doi:10.1007/BF00390543. ISSN   1432-1793. S2CID   85134703.
  12. ↑ "white lace sponge - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  13. ↑ Johnson, Marion Fischel (2020-09-03). "Gametogenesis and Embryonic Development in the Calcareous Sponges Clathrina coriacea and C. blanca from Santa Catalina Island, California". 183.
  14. ↑ Padua, André; Lanna, Emilio; Klautau, Michelle (2012-06-07). "Macrofauna inhabiting the sponge Paraleucilla magna (Porifera: Calcarea) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom: 1–10. doi:10.1017/s0025315412000434. ISSN   0025-3154. S2CID   85843527.
  15. ↑ "Marine Species Identification Portal : Clathrina coriacea". species-identification.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  16. ↑ "white lace sponge - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  17. 1 2 Perea-Blázquez, Alejandra; Price, Kylie; Davy, Simon K.; Bell, James J. (2010-10-12). "Diet Composition of Two Temperate Calcareous Sponges: Leucosolenia echinata and Leucetta sp. from the Wellington South Coast, New Zealand". The Open Marine Biology Journal. 4 (1): 65–73. doi: 10.2174/1874450801004010065 .
  18. 1 2 3 Bond, Calhoun (2013). "Locomotion and contraction in an asconoid calcareous sponge". Invertebrate Biology. 132 (4): 283–290. doi:10.1111/ivb.12035. ISSN   1744-7410.
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