Collybia phyllophila

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Collybia phyllophila
Clitocybe phyllophila T71 (1).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae
Genus: Collybia
Species:
C. phyllophila
Binomial name
Collybia phyllophila
(Pers.) Fr.
Synonyms [1]
  • Clitocybe phyllophila
  • Agaricus cerussatus Fr
  • Lepista phyllophila (Persoon) Harmaja
  • Agaricus phyllophilus Persoon
  • Agaricus pithyophilus Secr. ex Fr.
  • Omphalia phyllophila (Pers.) Quél.
  • Clitocybe cerrusata(Fr.) P. Kumm

Collybia phyllophila, commonly known as the frosty funnel or the leaf-loving clitocybe, is a fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. [2] Its epithet, meaning leaf-loving comes from its preference for leaf litter. [3] It is common among forests in the Northern Hemisphere, and is poisonous.

Contents

Taxonomy

Collybia phyllophila was first described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon as Agaricus phyllophilus in his work "Synopsis methodica fungorum" in 1801. [4] In 1871, it was renamed to Clitocybe phyllophila by Paul Kummer in his book "Der Führer in die Pilzkunde" (The Guide to Fungi). [5] However, a study in 2023 moved this species to the genus Collybia after phylogenetic analysis. [2]

Description

Macroscopic characteristics

Collybia phyllophila forms medium-sized to relatively large fruiting bodies. The cap is up to 3–10 centimetres (1.2–3.9 in) wide. It is initially convex, later flat and slightly depressed in the center, although it does not become funnel-shaped. The cap is white to yellow and has a silvery to chalky white, pruinose coating, especially when young. [6] The cap margins are rolled or curved to broadly wavy, with irregularly raised lobes when mature. When wet, the cap shows pinkish-buff or pale-brown spots. [7]

The gills are initially whitish-yellowish, later cream-colored and with a more or less pronounced pinkish tone. They are dense and are broadly attached to the stalk or slightly decurrent. They are 2-7 mm thick, smooth and not forked. [8] The spore print is cream-colored and often with pink or buff tones. [9]

The stalk is 3–8 centimetres (1.2–3.1 in) long and 0.5–1.2 centimetres (0.20–0.47 in) cm thick. It is cylindrical in shape, though occasionally widening at the base. It is dirty white but becomes more beige-brownish with age. Its surface is fibrillose, and silky at the top. Dense, wooly, white mycelium surrounds the base. [10] The flesh is watery and white, but slightly gray-brownish, especially in the cap.

It has a mild, to later rancid or astringent taste and a strong, spicy odour. [10] [7]

Microscopic characteristics

Collybia phyllophila
Information icon.svg
Flat cap icon.svgDepressed cap icon.svg Cap is flat or depressed
Adnate gills icon2.svgDecurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate or decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is buff to pink
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Poison.pngEdibility is poisonous

The hyaline spores are elliptical and measure 4-5.5 × 2.5-4 μm. Their surface is smooth and they do not glow under UV light. [11] They are inamyloid and cyanophilous. [10] In exsiccates they are usually connected in tetrahedrons. The basidia are club-shaped and measure 18-25 × 4.5-5.5 μm. They each have four spores. Cystidia are not present. The top layer of the cap consists of irregularly arranged, 2-4 μm wide hyphae. These usually have short nodular outgrowths or short branches. [2] The flesh of the cap is composed of cylindric or inflated hyphae that are 4-13 μm wide. The septa have clamp connections. [12]

Ecology and distribution

Collybia phyllophila is a common saprotrophic species in deciduous and coniferous forests. [6] It grows on the decaying needles of white and red pine, and occasionally on mixed leaf litter pine and birch. [7] Collybia phyllophila fruits in clusters or tufts from September to November. [7] [9] It is widespread in temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. [2]

Edibility

The fruiting bodies of Collybia phyllophila are poisonous as they, similar to other clitocyboid mushrooms contain muscarine. In one study, the amount of muscarine per kilogram varied between 19 and 86 mg. [2] Symptoms of muscarinic poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, constricted pupils sweating, bradycardia, hypotension. [13]

Similar species

Clitocybe dealbata is a Collybia phyllophila look-a-like Clitocybe dealbata 1.jpg
Clitocybe dealbata is a Collybia phyllophila look-a-like

Collybia phyllophila can be confused with other white clitocyboid mushrooms such as Collybia rivulosa, Clitocybe dealbata or Clitocybe candicans. These look-a-likes are usually smaller, have white spore powder, more decurrent gills and a differently structured cap top layer. [14] Collybia rivulosa's spores are not cyanophilous, and are single in exsiccates. [12] Clitopilus prunulus , is also very similar, though it can be distinguished by its strong floury odour, and larger spores, as well as pink gills that separate easily from the cap. [10] Collybia alboclitocyboides can be distinguished from C. phyllophila by the subregular flesh of its gills and by how the hyphae in the top layer of its cap run completely parallel to the cap's surface [2]

Leucocybe connata can also be confused with it, though unlike it, the frosty funnel does not react to ferrous sulfate. [14] Faded fruiting bodies of Clitocybe odora also sometimes look similar to it, but smell distinctly of aniseed. [8] Clitocybe odora also differs through its blue-green tinted cap, and the absence of fine white hairs or wet spots on its cap. [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Clitocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Clitocybe is a genus of mushrooms characterized by white, off-white, buff, cream, pink, or light-yellow spores, gills running down the stem, and pale white to brown or lilac coloration. They are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing forest ground litter. There are estimated to be around 300 species in the widespread genus.

<i>Collybia nuda</i> Species of mushroom

Collybia nuda, commonly known as the blewit or wood blewit and previously described as Lepista nuda and Clitocybe nuda, is an edible mushroom native to Europe and North America. Described by Pierre Bulliard in 1790, it was also known as Tricholoma nudum for many years. It is found in both coniferous and deciduous woodlands. It is a fairly distinctive mushroom that is widely eaten. It has been cultivated in Britain, the Netherlands and France. This species was reassigned to the genus Collybia in 2023.

<i>Entoloma sinuatum</i> Species of poisonous fungus in the family Entolomataceae found across Europe and North America

Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as Entoloma, it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma. The ivory to light grey-brown cap is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stem has no ring.

<i>Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

<i>Collybia personata</i> Species of fungus

Collybia personata is a species of edible fungus commonly found growing in grassy areas across Europe and is morphologically related to the wood blewit Collybia nuda. This mushroom was moved to the genus Collybia in 2023.

<i>Clitocybe dealbata</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe dealbata, also known as the ivory funnel, is a small white funnel-shaped basidiomycete fungus widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America. Also known as the sweating mushroom, or sweat producing clitocybe, it derives these names from the symptoms of poisoning. It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.

<i>Clitocybe nebularis</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe nebularis or Lepista nebularis, commonly known as the clouded agaric, cloudy clitocybe, or cloud funnel, is an abundant gilled fungus which appears both in conifer-dominated forests and broad-leaved woodland in Europe and North America. Appearing in Britain from mid to late autumn, it is edible, but may cause gastrointestinal issues.

<i>Pleurotus dryinus</i> Species of fungus

Pleurotus dryinus, commonly known as the veiled oyster mushroom, is a species of fungus in the family Pleurotaceae. It grows on dead wood and is also a weak pathogen; infecting especially broad-leaved trees.

<i>Marasmius oreades</i> Species of fungus

Marasmius oreades, also known as the fairy ring mushroom, fairy ring champignon or Scotch bonnet, is a mushroom native to North America and Europe. Its common names can cause some confusion, as many other mushrooms grow in fairy rings, such as the edible Agaricus campestris and the poisonous Chlorophyllum molybdites.

<i>Clitocybe rivulosa</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe rivulosa, commonly known as the false champignon or fool's funnel, is a poisonous basidiomycete fungus of the large genus Clitocybe. One of several species similar in appearance, it is a small white funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America. Also known as the sweating mushroom, it derives this name from the symptoms of poisoning. It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.

<i>Clitopilus prunulus</i> Species of fungus

Clitopilus prunulus, commonly known as the miller or the sweetbread mushroom, is an edible pink-spored basidiomycete mushroom found in grasslands in Europe and North America. Growing solitary to gregarious in open areas of conifer/hardwood forests; common under Bishop pine along the coast north of San Francisco; fruiting shortly after the fall rains. It has a grey to white cap and decurrent gills.

<i>Inocybe geophylla</i> Species of fungus

Inocybe geophylla, commonly known as the earthy inocybe, common white inocybe or white fibercap, is a poisonous mushroom of the genus Inocybe. It is widespread and common in Europe and North America, appearing under both conifer and deciduous trees in summer and autumn. The fruiting body is a small all-white or cream mushroom with a fibrous silky umbonate cap and adnexed gills. An all-lilac variety lilacina is also common.

<i>Ampulloclitocybe clavipes</i> Species of fungus

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, commonly known as the club-foot or club-footed clitocybe, is a species of gilled mushroom from Europe and North America. The grey brown mushrooms have yellowish decurrent gills and a bulbous stalk, and are found in deciduous and conifer woodlands. Although considered edible, disulfiram-like reactions have been reported after consumption of alcohol after eating this mushroom.

<i>Dendrocollybia</i> Genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae

Dendrocollybia is a fungal genus in the family Tricholomataceae of the order Agaricales. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Dendrocollybia racemosa, commonly known as the branched collybia or the branched shanklet. The somewhat rare species is found in the Northern Hemisphere, including the Pacific Northwest region of western North America, and Europe, where it is included in several Regional Red Lists. It usually grows on the decaying fruit bodies of other agarics—such as Lactarius and Russula—although the host mushrooms may be decayed to the point of being difficult to recognize.

<i>Collybia tuberosa</i> Species of fungus

Collybia tuberosa, commonly known as the lentil shanklet or the appleseed coincap, is an inedible species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus Collybia. Like the two other members of its genus, it lives on the decomposing remains of other fleshy mushrooms. The fungus produces small whitish fruit bodies with caps up to 1 cm (0.4 in) wide held by thin stems up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. On the underside of the cap are closely spaced white gills that are broadly attached to the stem. At the base of the stem, embedded in the substrate is a small reddish-brown sclerotium that somewhat resembles an apple seed. The appearance of the sclerotium distinguishes it from the other two species of Collybia, which are otherwise very similar in overall appearance. C. tuberosa is found in Europe, North America, and Japan, growing in dense clusters on species of Lactarius and Russula, boletes, hydnums, and polypores.

<i>Collybia cookei</i> Species of fungus

Collybia cookei is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and one of three species in the genus Collybia. It is known from Europe, Asia, and North America. The fungus produces fruit bodies that usually grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms, like Meripilus giganteus, Inonotus hispidus, or species of Russula; occasionally fruit bodies are found on rich humus or well-decayed wood. The fungus produces small white mushrooms with caps up to 9 mm (0.35 in) in diameter, supported by thin stems that originate from a yellowish-brown sclerotium. The mushroom is difficult to distinguish from the other two species of Collybia unless an effort is made to examine the sclerotia, which is usually buried in the substrate. The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined.

<i>Picipes badius</i> Species of fungus

Picipes badius, commonly known as the black-footed polypore or black-leg, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It causes a white rot of hardwoods and conifers. The species is found in temperate areas of Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. It has a dark brown or reddish-brown cap that reaches a diameter of 25 cm (9.8 in), and a stipe that is often completely black or brown at the top and black at the base.

<i>Paralepista flaccida</i> Species of fungus

Paralepista flaccida is a species of mushroom found across the Northern Hemisphere. It is known to form fairy rings.

<i>Paralepista</i> Genus of fungi

Paralepista is a genus of mushrooms in family Tricholomataceae. Until 2012, its member species were generally assigned either to Lepista or to Clitocybe.

<i>Infundibulicybe gibba</i> Species of gilled mushroom

Infundibulicybe gibba, and commonly known as the common funnel or funnel cap, is a species of gilled mushroom which is common in European woods.

References

  1. ↑ "Species Fungorum - Species synonymy". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 He, Zheng-Mi; Chen, Zuo-Hong; Bau, Tolgor; Wang, Geng-Shen; Yang, Zhu L. (2023-11-01). "Systematic arrangement within the family Clitocybaceae (Tricholomatineae, Agaricales): phylogenetic and phylogenomic evidence, morphological data and muscarine-producing innovation". Fungal Diversity. 123 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1007/s13225-023-00527-2. ISSN   1878-9129.
  3. ↑ Hard, M. E. (July 30, 2020). The Mushroom. Outlook Verlag. p. 125. ISBN   9783752375671.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. ↑ Persoon, C. H.; Besemann, Christian Andreas (1801). Synopsis methodica fungorum : sistens enumerationem omnium huc vsque detectarum specierum, cum breuibus descriptionibus nec non synonymis et obseruationibus selectis. Gottingae: Apud Henricum Dieterich. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.166151.
  5. ↑ Kummer, Paul; Kummer, Paul (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde : Anleitung zum methodischen, leichten und sichern Bestimmen der in Deutschland vorkommenden Pilze : mit Ausnahme der Schimmel- und allzu winzigen Schleim- und Kern-Pilzchen. Zerbst: Verlag von E. Luppe's Buchhandlung.
  6. 1 2 Kibby, Geoffrey (2021-07-01). "Fungal Portraits: No. 87: Three white Clitocybe species: C. phyllophila, C. rivulosa & C. leucodiatreta". Field Mycology. 22 (3): 75–77. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2021.07.003. ISSN   1468-1641.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Baroni, Timothy J. (2017). Mushrooms of the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada. Timber Press. p. 147. ISBN   9781604698145.
  8. 1 2 "Champignons du Québec - Cardex : Clitocybe phyllophila". mycoquebec.org (in French). Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  9. 1 2 Gibson, Ian. "Clitocybe phyllophila". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Bresinsky, Andreas; Besl, Helmut (February 26, 1990). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi; A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, and Biologists. Taylor & Francis. pp. 87–88. ISBN   9780723415763.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  11. ↑ Harmaja, Harri (1974). "A revision of the generic limit between Clitocybe and Lepista". Karstenia. 14: 82–92. doi:10.29203/ka.1974.91. ISSN   0453-3402.
  12. 1 2 Crevel, Ruth van (June 1995). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica - 3. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. ISBN   978-90-5410-616-6.
  13. ↑ Wennig, Robert; Eyer, Florian; Schaper, Andreas; Zilker, Thomas; Andresen-Streichert, Hilke (2020-10-16). "Mushroom Poisoning". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 117 (42): 701–708. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2020.0701. ISSN   1866-0452. PMC   7868946 . PMID   33559585.
  14. 1 2 Alvarado, Pablo; Moreno, Gabriel; Vizzini, Alfredo; Consiglio, Giovanni; Manjón, José Luis; Setti, Ledo (January 2015). "Atractosporocybe, Leucocybe and Rhizocybe : three new clitocyboid genera in the Tricholomatoid clade (Agaricales) with notes on Clitocybe and Lepista". Mycologia. 107 (1): 123–136. doi:10.3852/13-369. hdl: 2318/152676 . ISSN   0027-5514. PMID   25344261.
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