Collybia

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Collybia
Collybia.cookei.-.lindsey.jpg
Collybia cookei
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae
Genus: Collybia
(Fr.) Staude
Type species
Collybia tuberosa
Species

Collybia cirrhata
Collybia cookei
Collybia tuberosa

Contents

Collybia (in the strict sense) is a genus of mushrooms in the family Tricholomataceae. [1] The genus has a widespread but rare [2] distribution in northern temperate areas, and contains three species that grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms. [3]

Until recently a large number of other white-spored species, some very common, were assigned to this genus, but now the majority have been separated into other genera: Gymnopus , Rhodocollybia and Dendrocollybia .

Research published November 2023 reassigned a number of species previously considered to be in the genus Clitocybe to the genus Collybia, including the edible blewit and brownit mushrooms. [4]

Collybia sensu lato

Collybia sensu lato is one of the groups of fungi of the order Agaricales that has created taxonomic differences of opinion in the scientific community. [5] The generic name Collybia is due to Elias Magnus Fries and first appeared in 1821. Collybia was originally a tribe from an Agaricus classification. In 1857, Friedrich Staude recognized Collybia as a genus. The name Collybia means "small coin". [6] Later in his systematic work of 1838, [7] Fries characterized Collybia as those species with

  1. white spores,
  2. incurved cap margin,
  3. central cartilaginous stipe, and
  4. fruit bodies which decay easily ("putrescent").

The last criterion divided these mushrooms from those of Marasmius , which had the property of being able to revive after having dried out (called "marcescent"). Although Fries considered this an important characteristic, some later authors like Charles Horton Peck (1897) [8] and Calvin Henry Kauffman (1918) [9] did not agree with Fries's criteria for the classification, and Gilliam (1976) discarded marcescence as a characteristic for the identification and differentiation of these genera. [10]

At that point, the very varied genus encompassed the modern genera Oudemansiella (including Xerula ), Crinipellis , Flammulina , Calocybe , Lyophyllum , Tephrocybe , Strobilurus , and others.

In 1993, Antonín and Noordeloos published the first part of a monograph of the genera Marasmius and Collybia after conducting a survey of these genera in Europe. [11] In 1997, they published the second part of the monograph that included all Collybia species. In 1997, Antonín and colleagues published a generic concept within these two genera and organized the nomenclature to provide a new combination of genera: Gymnopus, Collybia, Dendrocollybia, Rhodocollybia and Marasmiellus. [5] The nomenclature and reclassification has since been supported by subsequent molecular analysis. [12] [13] Most of these mushrooms belong to the family Marasmiaceae and have low convex caps and white gills, with adnate attachment to the stem. This general form has given rise to the term collybioid, which is still in use to describe this type of fruit body.

Collybia sensu stricto

Collybia tuberosa grows on the decaying remains of other fungi or vegetation. Collybia tuberosa 65840.jpg
Collybia tuberosa grows on the decaying remains of other fungi or vegetation.

The type species for Collybia is C. tuberosa, a small white parasitic mushroom (with caps up to 1.5 cm (0.6 in)) which develops from a reddish-brown apple seed-shaped sclerotium in and on putrescent fungi or remaining in soil after complete decay of the host tissue. [14] [15]

The three species remaining in the genus are small (up to 2 cm (0.8 in)). The caps are whitish and often radially wrinkled. [2] All three species are saprobic, and grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms. [15] When the genus was split up, the much-reduced genus was moved from Marasmiaceae to Tricholomataceae .

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marasmiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Marasmiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Basidiocarps are most frequently agarics, but occasionally cyphelloid. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contained 54 genera and 1590 species, but molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has led to a more restricted family concept, so that the Marasmiaceae included just 13 genera, and some 1205 species. It was reduced further down in 2020, to 10 genera and about 700 species.

<i>Mycetinis alliaceus</i> Species of fungus

Mycetinis alliaceus, commonly known as the garlic parachute, is one of the larger mushrooms formerly in the genus Marasmius, having a beige cap of up to 4 cm and a long tough slender stipe. It emanates a strong smell of garlic, and this is the significance of the Latin species name, alliaceus. It is distributed throughout Europe, being fairly common in some areas and quite rare in others.

<i>Rhodocollybia</i> Genus of fungi

Rhodocollybia is a genus of Basidiomycete mushroom. Species in this genus, formerly classified as a subgenus in Collybia, have fairly large caps, and have a pinkish-tinted spore print. Microscopically, they are characterized by having spores and basidia that are dextrinoid—staining deep reddish to reddish-brown with Melzer's reagent when tested for amyloidity. Rhodocollybia species are commonly found in temperate North America and Europe, and infrequently in Central and South America.

<i>Rhizomarasmius</i> Genus of fungi

Rhizomarasmius is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae, containing about five species.

<i>Dendrocollybia</i> Genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae

Dendrocollybia is a fungal genus in the family Tricholomataceae of the order Agaricales. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Dendrocollybia racemosa, commonly known as the branched collybia or the branched shanklet. The somewhat rare species is found in the Northern Hemisphere, including the Pacific Northwest region of western North America, and Europe, where it is included in several Regional Red Lists. It usually grows on the decaying fruit bodies of other agarics—such as Lactarius and Russula—although the host mushrooms may be decayed to the point of being difficult to recognize.

<i>Clitocybula</i> Genus of fungi

Clitocybula is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Porotheleaceae but was originally classified within Marasmiaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Georges Métrod in 1952. Species in the genus are commonly known as "coincaps".

<i>Gymnopus</i> Genus of fungi

Gymnopus is a genus of fungus in the family Omphalotaceae. The genus has a widespread, cosmopolitan distribution and contains about 300 species.

<i>Mycetinis</i> Genus of fungi

Mycetinis is a genus of fungus in the Omphalotaceae family, containing about eight species formerly classified in Marasmius.

<i>Crinipellis zonata</i> Species of fungus

Crinipellis zonata, commonly known as the zoned Crinipellis or the zoned-cap Collybia, is a species of gilled mushroom in the family Marasmiaceae. Though considered a little brown mushroom of unknown edibility, it is distinctive because of its thick covering of coarse hairs, and differentiated from other members of Crinipellis by its slightly larger cap size, which reaches up to 25 mm (1.0 in) in diameter. The white gills on the underside of the cap are crowded closely together, and are free from attachment to the stem. Saprobic, it grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees from late summer to autumn. The fungus is found commonly in eastern North America, but has also been collected in Portugal and Korea. The variety C. zonata var. cremoricolor, found in eastern North America, may be distinguished microscopically by its longer spores.

<i>Setulipes</i> Genus of fungi

Setulipes was a proposed genus of fungi in the family Marasmiaceae. This group of mushrooms, described by the Czech mycologist Vladimír Antonín in 1987, has a widespread distribution in north temperate areas, and would contain about 25 species.

<i>Collybia tuberosa</i> Species of fungus

Collybia tuberosa, commonly known as the lentil shanklet or the appleseed coincap, is an inedible species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus Collybia. Like the two other members of its genus, it lives on the decomposing remains of other fleshy mushrooms. The fungus produces small whitish fruit bodies with caps up to 1 cm (0.4 in) wide held by thin stems up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. On the underside of the cap are closely spaced white gills that are broadly attached to the stem. At the base of the stem, embedded in the substrate is a small reddish-brown sclerotium that somewhat resembles an apple seed. The appearance of the sclerotium distinguishes it from the other two species of Collybia, which are otherwise very similar in overall appearance. C. tuberosa is found in Europe, North America, and Japan, growing in dense clusters on species of Lactarius and Russula, boletes, hydnums, and polypores.

<i>Collybia cookei</i> Species of fungus

Collybia cookei is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and one of three species in the genus Collybia. It is known from Europe, Asia, and North America. The fungus produces fruit bodies that usually grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms, like Meripilus giganteus, Inonotus hispidus, or species of Russula; occasionally fruit bodies are found on rich humus or well-decayed wood. The fungus produces small white mushrooms with caps up to 9 mm (0.35 in) in diameter, supported by thin stems that originate from a yellowish-brown sclerotium. The mushroom is difficult to distinguish from the other two species of Collybia unless an effort is made to examine the sclerotia, which is usually buried in the substrate. The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined.

<i>Marasmius siccus</i> Species of fungus

Marasmius siccus, or orange pinwheel, is a small orange mushroom in the Marasmius genus, with a "beach umbrella"-shaped cap. The tough shiny bare stem is pale at the top but reddish brown below, and the gills are whitish. The stem is 3–7 centimetres (1.2–2.8 in) tall and the cap is 0.5–2.5 centimetres (0.20–0.98 in) wide.

Gymnopus moseri is a European species of agaric fungus in the family Omphalotaceae. It was described as new to science in 1997 by mycologists Vladimír Antonín and Machiel Noordeloos from collections made in Sweden. Fruit bodies of the holotype collection were found growing among Polytrichum and in coarse humus and leaves under birch (Betula) and willow (Salix). Collybia moseri is a synonym proposed by Marcel Bon in 1998. The specific epithet moseri honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Michael Moser.

<i>Gymnopus fusipes</i> Species of fungus

Gymnopus fusipes is a parasitic species of gilled mushroom which is quite common in Europe and often grows in large clumps. It is variable but easy to recognize because the stipe soon becomes distinctively tough, bloated and ridged.

<i>Collybiopsis peronata</i> Species of fungus

Collybiopsis peronata, also known as wood woolly-foot, is a species of gilled mushroom which is common in European woods.

<i>Mycetinis querceus</i> Species of fungus

Mycetinis querceus is one of the garlic-scented mushrooms formerly in the genus Marasmius. It has a reddish brown stipe, and usually grows on fallen oak leaves.

<i>Rhizomarasmius setosus</i> Species of fungus

Rhizomarasmius setosus is a tiny whitish mushroom having a distinctive hairy stem. It has been given the vernacular name "Beechleaf Parachute".

<i>Collybiopsis confluens</i> Species of fungus

Collybiopsis confluens, commonly known as the clustered toughshank, is a type of mushroom from the Omphalotaceae family. The fruiting body appears from summer until autumn in deciduous and coniferous forests. Collybiopsis confluens is not an edible mushroom.

References

  1. ↑ Staude F. (1857). Die Schwämme Mitteldeutschlands, in besondere des Herzogthums (in German). p. 119.
  2. 1 2 Knudsen H, Vesterhout J, eds. (2008). Funga Nordica. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordsvamp. p. 403. ISBN   978-87-983961-3-0.
  3. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 160. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  4. ↑ He, Zheng-Mi; Chen, Zuo-Hong; Bau, Tolgor; Wang, Geng-Shen; Yang, Zhu L. (November 2023). "Systematic arrangement within the family Clitocybaceae (Tricholomatineae, Agaricales): phylogenetic and phylogenomic evidence, morphological data and muscarine-producing innovation". Fungal Diversity. 123 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1007/s13225-023-00527-2. ISSN   1560-2745. S2CID   265474036.
  5. 1 2 Antonín V, Halling RE, Noordeloos ME (1997). "Generic concepts within the groups Marasmius and Collybia sensu lato". Mycotaxon . 63: 359–68.
  6. ↑ Smith AH, Weber NS (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 137. ISBN   0-472-85610-3.
  7. ↑ Fries EM. (1838). Epicrisis systematis mycologici. Uppsala, Sweden: Typographia Academica.
  8. ↑ Peck CH. (1897). "Report of the state botanist". Annual Report of the New York State Museum. 49: 18–83.
  9. ↑ Kauffman CH. (1918). The Agaricaceae of Michigan. Lansing: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck Crawford Co.
  10. ↑ Gilliam MS. (1976). "The genus Marasmius in the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada". Mycotaxon. 4: 1–144.
  11. ↑ Antonín V, Noordeloos ME (1993). A Monograph of Marasmius, Collybia and Related Genera in Europe, Part 1: Marasmius, Setulipes and Marasmiellus. Libri Botanici 8. Postfach 1119, 85378 Eching, Germany: IHW Verlag. ISBN   3-9803083-5-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) See also their full updated work: Antonín V, Noordeloos ME (2010). A monograph of marasmiod and collybioid fungi in Europe. Postfach 1119, 85378 Eching, Germany: IHW Verlag. ISBN   978-3-930167-72-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  12. ↑ Hughes KW, Petersen RH, Johnson JE, Moncalvo J-E, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Thomas T, McGhee LL (2001). "Infragenic phylogeny of Collybia s. str. based on sequences of ribosomal ITS and LSU regions". Mycological Research. 105 (2): 164–72. doi:10.1017/S0953756200003415.
  13. ↑ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, et al. (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID   12099793.
  14. ↑ Volk T. "Collybia tuberosa, the mushroom-loving Collybia". Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for June 2004. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  15. 1 2 Halling RE (14 July 2009). "Collybia sensu stricto". A revision of Collybia s.l. in the northeastern United States & adjacent Canada. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
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