Compsilura concinnata

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Compsilura concinnata
Compsilura concinnata 1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Tachinidae
Subfamily: Exoristinae
Tribe: Blondeliini
Genus: Compsiluroides
Species:
C. concinnata
Binomial name
Compsilura concinnata
(Meigen, 1824) [1]
Synonyms

Compsilura concinnata (tachinid fly; order Diptera) is a parasitoid native to Europe that was introduced to North America in 1906 to control invasive populations of the exotic gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), which primarily infests forests. The fly is an endoparasitoid of insect larvae that lives within its host for most of its life. The parasitoid eventually kills the host and occasionally eats it. It attacks over 200 host species, mainly insects from the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera.

Contents

As C. concinnata attacks many different types of hosts, it has spilled over from the intended forest systems into other areas such as agricultural fields, parasitizing such cabbage pests as the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) and the exotic invasive cabbage white (Pieris rapae), as well as other invasive species such as the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea). However, it also attacks native, non-pest insects, including the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), the cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia), the promethea silkmoth (Callosamia promethea), the luna moth (Actias luna), and the buck moth (Hemileuca maia). [12] [13]

Morphology

C. concinnata larvae are creamy colored and have black mouth hooks with three anal hooks. Pupae, the life stage in insects when undergoing transformation, are brown, 6.5 mm long and oval shape. Adult flies look very similar in its size/shape to the house-fly. Adults have a white face and a thorax containing four black stripes and reach up to 7.5 mm long. [12]

Life cycle

C. concinnata is ovoviviparous. In a year, approximately 3–4 generations occur (multivoltine) with an adult life span of 5–22 days. The parasitoid's larvae typically survive winters within their hosts' larvae. As L. dispar overwinters as eggs, the fly parasitizes other hosts when overwintering. After mating has occurred, the adult female seeks host larvae. Afer finding a suitable host, she attaches to its back using her anal hooks, punctures the host's integument with a piercing structure on her abdomen, and injects a single larva into the host's midgut or body cavity. The female produces about 100 larvae. She will sometimes attack the same host multiple times. If she injects a larva directly into the host's body cavity, the larva migrates to the host's midgut, penetrates it, and undergoes three instars. The parasitoid remains a larva for 10–17 days until its host prepares to pupate, at which time it emerges from its host and pupates on another substrate or in or on soil. [12]

C. concinnata larvae typically kill their hosts in approximately 10 days. After emerging from a host, its white maggot forms a smooth, reddish brown case (a puparium) around itself. During the next stage of its life cycle, the larva molts into a pupa inside of the puparium. [14]

Impact after introduction to North America

Compsilura concinnata has a negative impact on many species of Lepidoptera native to North America.[ citation needed ]

  1. The fly is multivoltine while the main target for its introduction, Lymantria dispar, is univoltine. [15]
  2. Since L. dispar overwinters as eggs, the fly parasitizes non-target species when overwintering.
  3. Due to its flexible life cycle, the fly parasitizes more than 150 species of North American butterflies and moths. [16] [17]

Parasitism

Although C. concinnata was introduced to North America to control the gypsy moth population, it typically parasitizes fewer than 5% of such moths during an outbreak. [18] However, the percentage of infected moths tends to increase as their population declines. Because C. concinnata attacks many other species, it is not always as effective a parasitoid of L. dispar as are other parasites. [18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tachinidae</span> Family of insects

The Tachinidae are a large and variable family of true flies within the insect order Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered. Over 1,300 species have been described in North America alone. Insects in this family commonly are called tachinid flies or simply tachinids. As far as is known, they all are protelean parasitoids, or occasionally parasites, of arthropods, usually other insects. The family is known from many habitats in all zoogeographical regions and is especially diverse in South America.

<i>Hemyda</i> Genus of flies

Hemyda is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

Aphria is a genus of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Macquartia</i> Genus of flies

Macquartia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Tachina fera</i> Species of fly

Tachina fera is a species of fly in the genus Tachina of the family Tachinidae. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1761.

<i>Triarthria setipennis</i> Species of fly

Triarthria setipennis is a species of tachinid fly which parasitizes other insects, including earwigs.

<i>Cyzenis albicans</i> Species of fly

Cyzenis albicans is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. A parasitoid, it lays its eggs on leaves of oak, maple, birch and other trees, so that when the leaves are consumed by the larvae of the host winter moth, the eggs hatch inside the larvae. The fly is native to Europe and Asia but has been introduced into North America as a biological control agent of the invasive winter moth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phasiinae</span> Subfamily of flies

Phasiinae is a subfamily of flies in the family Tachinidae. Except for the small tribe Strongygastrini members of this subfamily attack only Heteroptera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cylindromyiini</span> Tribe of flies

Cylindromyiini is a tribe of flies in the family Tachinidae. It contains about 17 genera and 200 species.

<i>Exorista larvarum</i> Species of fly

Exorista larvarum is a Palaearctic species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Compsilura</i> Genus of flies

Compsilura is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

Dionaea aurifrons is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Phasia pusilla</i> Species of fly

Phasia pusilla is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Solieria fenestrata</i> Species of fly

Solieria fenestrata is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Macquartia dispar</i> Species of fly

Macquartia dispar is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minthoini</span> Tribe of flies

Minthoini is a tribe of flies in the family Tachinidae.

<i>Nemorilla floralis</i> Species of fly

Nemorilla floralis is a species of tachinid fly.

<i>Zelia vertebrata</i> Species of fly

Zelia vertebrata is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae. It is a long-bodied fly with strong abdominal bristles and a distinctive abdominal pattern that resembles vertebrae. It has a widespread North American range, with records stretching from east to west from Washington to Maine, north to south from Québec to Florida. Its larval stage parasitizes beetles. It is most active during the day.

Elodia morio is a species of tachinid fly in the genus Elodia of the family Tachinidae. The larvae are parasitoids of Codling moth larvae.

<i>Sturmia bella</i> Species of fly

Sturmia bella is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. Larvae can parasitize over twenty lepidopteran species, such as Parantica sita.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Meigen, J.W. (1824). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäische n zweiflugeligen Insekten. Hamm: Vierter Theil. Schulz-Wundermann. pp. xii + 428 pp., pls. 33–41.
  2. ↑ Malloch, J.R. (1935). "Phoridae, Agromyzidae, Micropezidae, Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae (supplement)". Insects of Samoa. 6: 329–366.
  3. ↑ Meigen, Johann Wilhelm (1838). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Vol. 7. Hamm. pp. xii + 1–434. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  4. ↑ Rondani, C. (1859). Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus. Vol: III. Species Italicae ... Pars secunda. Muscidae Siphoninae et (partim) Tachininae. Parmae [= Parma]: A. Stocchi. pp. 243 + [1] pp. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Robineau-Desvoidy, J.B. (1830). "Essai sur les myodaires". Mémoires présentés par divers savans à l'Académie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France (Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques). 2 (2): 1–813. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Robineau-Desvoidy, J.B. (1850). "Memoire sur plusieurs espèces de Myodaires-Entomobies". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 8 (2): 157–181. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  7. 1 2 Wulp, F.M. van der (1893). "Eenige Javaansche Tachininen". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 36: 159–188. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  8. 1 2 Robineau-Desvoidy, J.B. (1851). "Sur l'eclosion de dix espèces d'Entomobies". Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée. 3 (2): 147–153. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  9. ↑ Macquart, P. J. M. (1851). "Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Suite du 4e supplement publie dans les memoires de 1849". Mémoires de la Société (Royale) des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts à Lille. 1850: 134–294. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  10. ↑ Curran, Charles Howard (1940). "New species of Phorocera (Tachinidae) from Africa (Diptera)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (1063). American Museum: 1–13. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  11. ↑ Bouché, P.F. (1834). Naturgeschichte der Insekten, besonders in Hinsicht ihrer ersten Zustande als Larven und Puppen. Berlin: Erste Lieferung. pp. 216, 10 pls.
  12. 1 2 3 R. L. Koch; W. D. Hutchison (2009). "Compsilura concinnata". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  13. ↑ Multiple sources:
  14. ↑ Kellogg, Shelly (July 3, 2002). "Parasitism of silk moths at Sweet Briar College". Honors Journal. Sweet Briar College. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  15. ↑ Culver, Julian Jarnagin (1919). "Study of Compsilura concinnata, an imported tachinid parasite of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth". United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin. 766: 1–27. Retrieved January 6, 2025– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  16. ↑ Arnaud, Jr., Paul H. (1978). A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Miscellaneous Publication 1319. United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 1–860.
  17. ↑ Strazanac, John S.; Plaugher, Christine D.; Petrice, Toby R.; Butler, Linda (2001). "New Tachinidae (Diptera) host records of eastern North American forest canopy Lepidoptera. Baseline data in a Bacillus thuriengiensis variety kurstaki nontarget study". Journal of Economic Entomology . 94 (5): 1128–1134. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1128. PMID   11681675. S2CID   19702985.
  18. 1 2 Mahr, Susan (September 1999). "Compsilura concinnata, parasitoid of gypsy moth". Midwest Biological Control News Online. 6 (9). University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
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