Craterellus | |
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Craterellus cornucopioides | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Cantharellales |
Family: | Cantharellaceae |
Genus: | Craterellus Pers. (1825) |
Type species | |
C. cornucopioides (L.) Pers. (1825) | |
Synonyms [1] | |
Craterellus | |
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Ridges on hymenium | |
Cap is infundibuliform | |
Hymenium is decurrent | |
Stipe is bare | |
Spore print is cream to salmon | |
Ecology is mycorrhizal | |
Edibility is choice |
Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former. Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps, though they often have gill-like wrinkles and ridges.
The three most common species, C. cornucopioides , C. lutescens and C. tubaeformis , are gathered commercially and, unlike Cantharellus , can be easily preserved by drying.
Molecular phylogenetics have been applied to the problem of discriminating between Craterellus and Cantharellus genera. Results indicate that the presence of a hollow stipe may be a synapomorphy (a trait corresponding to the evolutionary relationship) which reliably identifies Craterellus species. C. cornucopioides appears to be a single polymorphic species, while C. tubaeformis may be two separate genetic groups separated by geography. [2]
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Phylogenetic relationships of some Craterellus species and the genus Cantharellus based on DNA sequences. C. tubaeformis as previously described is two separate genetic groups, corresponding to Europe-eastern North America and western North America. [2] |
The genera Craterellus and Cantharellus have always been recognized as closely related. The whole group may be recognized by their lack of division into cap and stipe, and their rudimentary or missing gills ("false gills"). [2] [3] Originally Cantharellus was defined by Fries in 1821 to mean all these species together [4] and then in 1825 Persoon separated some species off to create the Craterellus group, with Cr. cornucopioides as type species. [5] Since then some authorities have tried to merge the two genera again, [6] but DNA studies now indicate that (with recent changes) each genus is monophyletic, and so they are likely to remain separate. [7]
In the past Craterellus was distinguished on the basis that [2] [6]
But phylogenetic DNA work starting with the 2000 paper of Dahlman et al. [2] has shown that some species traditionally placed in Cantharellus (C. tubaeformis, C. ignicolor and C. lutescens) really belong in Craterellus, and this means that the second distinguishing rule is no longer valid. On the other hand, the first rule holds up well.
The taxonomy of these fungi is in a state of flux (particularly due to DNA analysis) and many earlier names are now disputed. The following table gives some of the most important ones. Numerous species of Cantharellus have at times been classified under Craterellus, but these are mostly excluded from the table. See also the cladogram at right for a portrayal of the relationships between the species based on recent evidence.
Image | Name | Current status | Further details |
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C. caeruleofuscus A.H. Sm. (1968) [8] | Valid. | With blue or purplish shades, growing in sphagnum around the Great Lakes. [9] [10] | |
C. calicornucopioides D.Arora & J.L.Frank (2015) [11] | Valid | Closely related to similar European species C. cornucopioides, but separated on the basis of molecular phylogenetics. [11] | |
C. cornucopioides (L.) Pers. (1825) | Valid [5] | Type species of the genus. | |
C. excelsus T.W. Henkel & Aime (2009) | Valid [12] | Described in 2009 from Guyana. | |
C. fallax A.H. Sm. (1968) [13] | May be synonym of C. cornucopioides . [2] [14] | If separated from C. cornucopioides, this is on the basis of its geography and the colour of the underside. [14] [15] | |
C. ignicolor (R.H. Petersen) Dahlman, Danell & Spatafora (2000) | Synonym of Cantharellus ignicolor [14] | Although the paper of Dahlman et al., [2] and also one reference of Kuo, [9] puts this in Craterellus, it seems currently to be in Cantharellus. It is very similar to C. tubaeformis but the cap is yellow to orange. [9] C. ignicolor is edible. [16] | |
Cantharellus infundibuliformis (Scop.) Fr. (1838) | Synonym of C. tubaeformis . [14] [17] | In the past the species infundibuliformis has been separated from tubaeformis on the basis of spore print colour and spore size, but molecular analysis shows that the distinction is not justified. [2] When this species name was in use it was as Cantharellus, but if reintroduced now it would have to be as Craterellus. | |
C. konradii Bourdot & Maire (1930) | Synonym of C. cornucopioides. [18] | If separated from C. cornucopioides, it is distinguished by a yellowish (rather than black) coloration. [14] | |
C. lutescens (Fr.) Fr. (1838) | Valid [2] [14] [19] | Closely associated with C. tubaeformis, this species has less well-developed lamellae. | |
C. tubaeformis (Fr.) Quél. (1888) | Valid [20] | This common species (sometimes called "yellowfoot") has relatively well-developed gills, a greyish cap, and a hollow yellow stipe. It was moved from Cantharellus to Craterellus due to DNA studies. Those found in western N. America may be a different species from those in Europe and eastern North America. [2] [14] |
Chanterelle is the common name of several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus. They are among the most popular of wild edible mushrooms. They are orange, yellow or white, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the lower surface, underneath the smooth cap, most species have rounded, forked folds that run almost all the way down the stipe, which tapers down seamlessly from the cap. Many species emit a fruity aroma, reminiscent of apricots, and often have a mildly peppery taste. The name chanterelle originates from the Greek kantharos meaning "tankard" or "cup", a reference to their general shape.
The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle, the Pacific golden chanterelle, the horn of plenty, and the trumpet chanterelle, are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale.
The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi, and corticioid fungi (Botryobasidiaceae). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, associated with orchids, or facultative plant pathogens. Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected Cantharellus, Craterellus, and Hydnum species as well as crop pathogens in the genera Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus/Rhizoctonia.
Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.
In mycology, a lamella, or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification. The attachment of the gills to the stem is classified based on the shape of the gills when viewed from the side, while color, crowding and the shape of individual gills can also be important features. Additionally, gills can have distinctive microscopic or macroscopic features. For instance, Lactarius species typically seep latex from their gills.
Craterellus cornucopioides, or horn of plenty, is an edible mushroom. It is also known as the black chanterelle, black trumpet, trompette de la mort (French), or trumpet of the dead, djondjon (Haitian).
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.
Turbinellus floccosus, commonly known as the scaly vase, or sometimes the shaggy, scaly, or woolly chanterelle, is a cantharelloid mushroom of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America. It was known as Gomphus floccosus until 2011, when it was found to be only distantly related to the genus's type species, G. clavatus. It was consequently transferred from Gomphus to Turbinellus. The orange-capped vase- or trumpet-shaped fruiting bodies may reach 30 cm (12 in) high and 30 cm (12 in) wide. The lower surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is pale buff or yellowish to whitish.
Craterellus tubaeformis is an edible fungus, also known as yellowfoot, winter mushroom, or funnel chanterelle. It is mycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with plants, making it very challenging to cultivate. It is smaller than the golden chanterelle and has a dark brown cap with paler gills and a hollow yellow stem. C. tubaeformis tastes stronger but less fruity than the golden chanterelle. It has a very distinctive smokey, peppery taste when raw. It grows in temperate and cold parts of Northern America and Europe, including Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, and the British Isles, as well as in the Himalayas in Asia, including Assam, in the central parts of the Indian subcontinent, and in Thailand.
Craterellus lutescens, formerly sometimes called Cantharellus lutescens or Cantharellus xanthopus or Cantharellus aurora, commonly known as Yellow Foot, is a species of mushroom. It is closely related to Craterellus tubaeformis. Its hymenium is usually orange or white, whereas the hymenium of C. tubaeformis is grey. C. lutescens is also usually found in wetlands.
Polyozellus is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery earthfans. Previously considered a monotypic genus, it now contains the Polyozellus multiplex species complex. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. It is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the clustered blue chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps with veiny wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem.
Hygrophoropsis is a genus of gilled fungi in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It was circumscribed in 1888 to contain the type species, H. aurantiaca, a widespread fungus that, based on its appearance, has been affiliated with Cantharellus, Clitocybe, and Paxillus. Modern molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the genus belongs to the suborder Coniophorineae of the order Boletales.
Cantharellus lateritius, commonly known as the smooth chanterelle, is a species of edible fungus in the mushroom family Cantharellaceae. An ectomycorrhizal species, it is found in Asia, Africa, and North America. The species has a complex taxonomic history, and has undergone several name changes since its first description by American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822. The fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange, and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found. At maturity, the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore-bearing surface along the sloping outer sides. The texture of the fertile undersurface (hymenium) of the caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species: unlike the well-known golden chanterelle, the hymenium of C. lateritius is much smoother. Chemical analysis has revealed the presence of several carotenoid compounds in the fruit bodies.
Cantharellus formosus, commonly known as the Pacific golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It was distinguished from the similar C. cibarius of Europe in the 1990s. It is orange to yellow, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the underside of the smooth cap, it has gill-like ridges that run down onto its stipe, which tapers down seamlessly from the cap. The false gills often have a pinkish hue. It has a mild, sweet odor. It is solitary to gregarious in coniferous forests, fruiting from July to December.
Cantharellus subalbidus, the white chanterelle, is a fungus native to California and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is similar in appearance to other chanterelles except for its cream to white color and orange bruising.
Cantharellus cascadensis, the Cascade chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is named after the Cascade Range, where it was formally described in 2003. It is considered a choice edible mushroom.
Cantharellus minor is a fungus native to eastern North America. It is one of the smallest of the genus Cantharellus, which includes other edible chanterelles. It is suspected of being mycorrhizal, found in association with oaks and moss. Recently, C. minor has been reported from semi-evergreen to evergreen forests in the Western Ghats, Kerala, India forming ectomycorrhizal associations with tree species like Vateria indica, Diospyros malabarica, Hopea parviflora, and Myristica species. The cap of C. minor ranges from 0.5 to 3.0 cm wide and is convex and umbonate, often shallowly depressed, becoming funnel-shaped in some. The yellowish gills are decurrent, and fade to yellowish white in maturity. The stipe is less than 4 cm (1.6 in) tall. They fruit in the summer and fall. Although insubstantial, they are edible.
Cantharellus flavus, also called the American golden chanterelle, or Midwestern yellow chanterelle is a species of fungus in the genus Cantharellus. Found in North America, it was described in 2013 by Matthew Foltz and Tom Volk. It is considered a choice mushroom. Its epithet flavus comes from the Latin word for "yellow", referring to this species' yellow spore print, stipe, false gills and cap.
Craterellus fallax is a species of "black trumpets" that occurs in Eastern North America where it replaces the European taxon Craterellus cornucopioides. C. fallax can also be separated by its yellow-orange spore print, where C. cornucopioides has a white spore print. It has often been considered a synonym of C. cornucopioides. C. fallax is mycorrhizal, forming associations with Tsuga and Quercus species, among others.
Cantharellus guyanensis is a tropical South American species of mushroom-forming fungus in the chanterelle genus (Cantharellus), first described by Camille Montagne from French Guiana in 1854.