Cystobasidium fimetarium

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Cystobasidium fimetarium
Cystobasidium fimetarium iNaturalist photo 247882200.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Cystobasidiomycetes
Order: Cystobasidiales
Family: Cystobasidiaceae
Genus: Cystobasidium
Species:
C. fimetarium
Binomial name
Cystobasidium fimetarium
(Schumach.) P. Roberts (1999)
Synonyms

Tremella fimetariaSchum. (1803)
Helicobasidium fimetarium(Schum.) Boud. (1887)
Exobasidium fimetarium (Schum.) Lapl. (1894)
Platygloea fimetaria(Schum.) Höhn. (1917)
Achroomyces fimetaria(Schum.) Wojewoda (1977)
Jola lasioboli Lagerh. (1898)
Cystobasidium lasioboli(Lagerh.) Neuhoff (1924)
Platygloea fimicola J. Schröt. (1889)
Achroomyces fimicola(J. Schröt.) Mig. (1910)

Cystobasidium fimetarium is a species of fungus in the order Cystobasidiales. It is a fungal parasite forming small gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on various ascomycetous fungi (including Lasiobolus and Thelebolus spp) on dung. [1] Microscopically, it has auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia producing basidiospores that germinate by budding off yeast cells. The species is known from Europe and North America.

Taxonomy

The species was originally described in 1803 on cow dung by Danish biologist Heinrich Schumacher who assigned it to Tremella , a genus then used for almost any fungus with gelatinous fruit bodies. [2] In 1887 French mycologist Émile Boudier refound the species on goat dung in France and, discovering that it had auricularioid basidia (unlike Tremella species), transferred it to the auricularioid genus Helicobasidium . [3]

In 1889, German mycologist Joseph Schröter described Platygloea fimicola as a new auricularioid species on rabbit dung from modern-day Poland. [4] In 1898 Swedish mycologist Gustaf Lagerheim described Jola lasioboli as a new auricularioid species on cow dung from Norway. [5] In 1924, German mycologist Walther Neuhoff transferred the latter species to his new genus Cystobasidium , based on the swollen, cyst-like probasidia from which the basidia emerge.

In 1999, British mycologist Peter Roberts noted that all these appeared to represent the same species and that Tremella fimetaria was the earliest name. Accordingly, he proposed the new combination Cystobasidium fimetarium for the species. [1]

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that the species is distinct and not closely related to other auricularioid fungi. [6] [7] [8]

Description

Basidiocarps are waxy-gelatinous, disc-shaped to irregularly pustular, pale pinkish lilac, 1–4 mm in diameter. Microscopically, the hyphae are occasionally clamped, 1.5 to 3 μm wide, producing occasional haustorial cells that attach to host hyphae. Basidia emerge from swollen probasidia; they are tubular, often recurved, 25-55 x 3-4 μm long, and laterally septate, forming four cells. Basidiospores are hyaline, smooth, and ellipsoid to slightly fusoid, measuring 6–11.5 x 3-5 μm; they germinate by budding off subglobose to ovoid yeast cells that form pinkish colonies in culture. [1] [9] [10]

Habitat and distribution

Cystobasidium fimetarium is a parasite of ascomycetous fungi on dung, including species of Lasiobolus and Thelebolus . It is known from Europe (Denmark, [2] France, [3] Germany, [9] Netherlands, [11] Norway, [5] Poland, [4] Spain, [12] and Sweden) [13] and North America (Canada) [14] but has rarely been encountered. The only known British collection is on Thelebolus crustaceus from grouse dung in Scotland. [1]

Related Research Articles

Bullera is a genus of fungi in the family Bulleraceae. The genus, which comprises both anamorphic and teleomorphic forms, formerly contained some 35 species. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has however assigned most of these species elsewhere and reduced the genus Bullera to just four species. Anamorphic forms are yeasts; teleomorphic forms produce septate basidia resembling those of Tremella species, but are not known to produce basidiocarps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heterogastridiales</span> Order of fungi

The Heterogastridiales are an order of fungi in the class Microbotryomycetes. The order contains a single family, the Heterogastridiaceae, which currently contains five genera. Some species in the order are currently known only from their yeast states. Those producing hyphal states have auricularioid basidia and are parasitic on other fungi. Basidiocarps, when present, are minute and variously stilboid (pin-shaped), pustular, or pycnidioid (flask-shaped). Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that the order is a monophyletic (natural) group, though the type and only species of Krieglsteinera has not yet been sequenced and may belong elsewhere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sporidiobolales</span> Order of fungi

The Sporidiobolales are an order of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. The order contains a single family, the Sporidiobolaceae, which currently contains three genera. Most species are known only from their yeast states. Hyphal states produce teliospores from which auricularioid basidia emerge, bearing basidiospores. Species occur worldwide and have been isolated from a wide variety of substrates. Two species, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and R. glutinis, have been known to cause disease in humans.

The Agaricostilbaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricostilbales. Basidiocarps (fruitbodies), where known, are stalked and capitate and produce spores on basidia that are laterally septate. Most species are known only from their yeast states. The family contains two genera.

<i>Colacogloea</i> Genus of fungi

Colacogloea is a genus of fungi belonging to the class Microbotryomycetes. Most species in the genus are known only from their yeast states. Where known, basidiocarps have auricularioid basidia and occur as parasites on or in the fruit bodies of other fungi.

<i>Phaeotremella</i> Genus of fungi

Phaeotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeotremellaceae. All Phaeotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Fifteen or so species of Phaeotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Tremella sanguinea, shown to be a Phaeotremella species by DNA sequencing, is cultivated in China as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

<i>Phaeotremella foliacea</i> Species of fungus

Phaeotremella foliacea is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum sanguinolentum, a fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. It is widespread in north temperate regions. In the UK it has the recommended English name leafy brain and has also been called jelly leaf and brown witch's butter. Prior to 2017, the name Tremella foliacea was also applied to similar-looking species on broadleaf trees, now distinguished as Phaeotremella frondosa and Phaeotremella fimbriata.

<i>Naematelia</i> Genus of fungi

Naematelia is a genus of fungi in the family Naemateliaceae. All Naematelia species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. When produced, Basidiocarps ,, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi."Four species of Naematelia are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Naematelia aurantialba, is commercially cultivated for food.

<i>Naematelia aurantia</i> Species of yellow, parasitic fungus

Naematelia aurantia is a species of fungus producing yellow, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees. It is commonly called golden ear in North America.

The Cystobasidiales are an order of fungi in the class Cystobasidiomycetes. The order currently consists of a single family (Cystobasidiaceae) and two genera as yet unassigned to a family.

Platygloea is a genus of fungi belonging to the class Pucciniomycetes. Basidiocarps of the type species are disc-shaped, gelatinous, and occur on dead wood, probably as a saprotroph. Microscopically, all species of Platygloea sensu lato have auricularioid basidia. Currently the genus contains a heterogeneous mix of auricularioid fungi not yet accommodated in other genera.

Cystobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Cystobasidiales. The type species is a fungal parasite forming small gelatinous basidiocarps on various ascomycetous fungi on dung. Microscopically, it has auricularioid basidia producing basidiospores that germinate by budding off yeast cells. Other species are known only from their yeast states. The yeasts Cystobasidium minutum and C. calyptogenae are rare but known human pathogens.

Occultifur is a genus of fungi in the family Cystobasidiaceae. Species are parasites of other fungi and, microscopically, have auricularioid basidia and basidiospores that germinate by yeast cells. Several species are currently only known from their yeast states. The genus is distributed worldwide.

Kriegeria is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. The genus is currently monotypic, containing the single species Kriegeria eriophori. The species is a plant pathogen, parasitic on sedges, and produces auricularioid basidia and basidiospores that germinate to form a yeast state.

Slooffia is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Most species are known only from their yeast states. Known hyphal states produce auricularioid basidia, bearing basidiospores, and are parasitic on other fungi.

<i>Sirobasidium</i> Genus of fungi

Sirobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Tremellales. Basidiocarps are gelatinous and appear to be parasitic on ascomycetous fungi on wood. Microscopically they are distinguished by producing septate basidia in chains which give rise to deciduous sterigmata. Species are distributed worldwide.

<i>Tremella iduensis</i> Species of fungus

Tremella iduensis is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces yellow, cornute-frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi, probably species of Hypoxylon on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broad-leaved trees. It has been recorded from Japan and China. Tremella flava, described from Taiwan, may be a synonym.

Tremella yokohamensis is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces white, foliaceous, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead wood of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Japan.

Tremella exigua is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces small, dark, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on pyrenomycetous fungi on dead branches of trees and shrubs. It was originally described from France.

Pseudotremella moriformis is a species of fungus in the family Bulleraceae. It produces dark purple, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on pyrenomycetous fungi on dead herbaceous stems and wood. It was originally described from England.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Roberts PJ (1999). "New British Records 164. Cystobasidium fimetarium (Schum.) P. Roberts comb. nov". Mycologist. 13: 171. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(99)80105-0.
  2. 1 2 Schumacher CF (1803). Enumeratio plantarum in partibus saellandiae septentrionalis et orientalis (pars posterior). Copenhagen: F. Brummer. p. 489.
  3. 1 2 Boudier ME (1887). "Note sur le Tremella fimetaria Schum". Journal de Botanique. 1: 330–333.
  4. 1 2 Schröter J (1887). Kryptogamen Flora von Schlesien 3(I): Pilze. Breslau: JU Kern.
  5. 1 2 Lagerheim G (1898). "Mykologische Studien 1: Beitrage zur Kenntnis der parasitischen Pilze, 1-3". Bih. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. (Afd III). 24 (4): 1–21, 3p1.
  6. ↑ Yurkov AM, Kachalkin AV, Daniel HM, Groenewald M, Libkind D, de Garcia V, Zalar P, Gouliamova DE, Boekhout T, Begerow D (2015). "Two yeast species Cystobasidium psychroaquaticum f.a. sp. nov. and Cystobasidium rietchieii f.a. sp. nov. isolated from natural environments, and the transfer of Rhodotorula minuta clade members to the genus Cystobasidium". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 107 (1): 173–185. doi:10.1007/s10482-014-0315-0. hdl: 11336/12218 . PMID   25367339. S2CID   254239871.
  7. ↑ Wang, Q.-M.; Yurkov, A.M.; Göker, M.; Lumbsch, H.T.; Leavitt, S.D.; Groenewald, M.; Theelen, B.; Liu, X.Z.; Boekhout, T.; Bai, F.Y. (2015). "Phylogenetic classification of yeasts and related taxa within Pucciniomycotina". Studies in Mycology. 81: 149–189. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.002. PMC   4777780 . PMID   26951631. S2CID   20745335.
  8. ↑ Li A, Yuan F, Groenewald M, Bensch K, Yurkov AM, Li K, Han P, Guo L, Aime MC, Sampaio JP, Jindamorakot S, Turchetti B, Inacio J, Fungsin B, Wang Q, Bai F (2020). "Diversity and phylogeny of basidiomycetous yeasts from plant leaves and soil: Proposal of two new orders, three new families, eight new genera and one hundred and seven new species". Studies in Mycology. 96: 17–140. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2020.01.002. PMC   7082220 . PMID   32206137.
  9. 1 2 Rödel T, Bender H (2016). "Cystobasidium fimetarium - ein parasitischer Heterobasidiomycet auf koprophilen Ascomycota" (PDF). Boletus. 37 (2): 73–80.
  10. ↑ Sampaio JP, Oberwinkler F (2011). "Cystobasidium". The Yeasts (Fifth ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1419–1422. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52149-1.00110-5. ISBN   978-0-444-52149-1.
  11. ↑ "NMV Verspreidingsatlas Paddenstoelen" . Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  12. ↑ "asturnatura.com" . Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  13. ↑ "Dyntaxa: Svensk taxonomisk databas" . Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  14. ↑ Bandoni RJ (1973). "Epistolae mycologicae II. Species of Platygloea from British Columbia". Syesis. 6: 229–232.
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