Helicobasidium

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Helicobasidium
Wortel violet wortelrot (Helicobasidium brebissonii on Daucus carota).jpg
Helicobasidium purpureum causing violet root rot on carrots
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Pucciniomycetes
Order: Helicobasidiales
Family: Helicobasidiaceae
Genus: Helicobasidium
Pat. 1885
Type species
Helicobasidium purpureum
(Tul.) Pat. (1885)
Species

Helicobasidium longisporum
Helicobasidium mompa
Helicobasidium purpureum

Contents

Synonyms

Helicobasis Clem. & Shear (1931)Stypinella J. Schröt. (1887)Thanatophytum Nees (1816)TuberculinaTode ex Sacc. (1880)Uredinula Speg. (1880)


Helicobasidium is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia. [1] Asexual anamorphs, formerly referred to the genus Thanatophytum, produce sclerotia. [1] Conidia-bearing anamorphs are parasitic on rust fungi and are currently still referred to the genus Tuberculina . [2]

Species are opportunistic plant pathogens, causing violet root rot of root crops and other plants of economic importance. [1] [2] The name "violet root rot" refers to the dark purple colour of the mycelial mats formed on the infected plants, usually at or below the soil line. It can cause total rot and structural failure of roots and subterranean storage organs. Impact of violet root rot on crop loss is often due to stunting of above ground plant growth and decreased vigour, and in extreme cases, whole plant death. It does not directly infect above ground organs. Violet root rot can also damage or cause the death of subterranean storage organs such as potato tubers or carrots. [3] [4]

Taxonomy

History

The genus was first described in 1885 by French mycologist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard to accommodate a purple, incrusting, terrestrial fungus with helicoid (spiralled), auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia which he considered distinct. Subsequent authors added additional species with similarly helicoid basidia, though not all had similarly coloured fruit bodies.

Rhizoctonia was introduced in 1815 by French mycologist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle for plant pathogenic fungi that produce hyphae and sclerotia. The type species, Rhizoctonia crocorum, was purple and incrusting and later shown to be an anamorphic form of Helicobasidium in a series of observations and innoculation trials conducted in part by Kew mycologist Elsie Wakefield. [5] Rhizoctonia had, however, become an artificial form genus containing a mix of unrelated species. [6] As part of a move towards a more natural classification, the type species was transferred to Rhizoctonia solani (to preserve the most commonly used name) and R. crocorum transferred to its earliest synonym Thanatophytum crocorum.

Tuberculina was introduced in 1880 by Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo for conidia-bearing fungi parasitizing rust fungi.

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that all of three states - basidial, sclerotial, and conidial - are forms of the same genus of fungi. [2] [7] Following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that Thanatophytum and Tuberculina became synonyms of the more commonly used name Helicobasidium. [8]

Helicobasidium sensu stricto appears to be confined to a group of purple plant and rust pathogens whose taxonomy is currently unclear. Initial DNA sequencing has revealed at least seven species within the genus, but assigning names to them "demands a revision of the species concept within the group" [7] which is yet to be undertaken. As a result, species of Tuberculina are not yet integrated within the genus Helicobasidium.

A few additional species described in Helicobasidium sensu lato, including Helicobasidium corticioides , are not closely related to the type species and are of uncertain disposition within the Pucciniomycotina. [9]

Violet root rot: hosts and symptoms

The most indicative sign of violet root rot is the presence of dark fungal mats on the affected plant’s roots and stem near the soil line, and the presence of mycelium on the soil. Helicobasidium species are opportunistic parasites of subterranean plant organs. [3] Symptoms of infection include foliage chlorosis, premature abscission, wilting, and severe reduction of root mass. Infected soil may be identified by the conspicuous nature of the webbed mycelium, which transitions from white to dark violet over the growing season. [10]

Violet root rot can infect a wide range of commercial crops, including apple (Malus domestica), mulberry (Morus spp), grape (Vitus spp), potato (Solanum tuberosum), plum (Prunus spp), tea, beets, soy, and cotton. It can also infect many more host plants and is not selective. [3] [10]

Violet root rot: disease cycle

Helicobasidium species are soil borne pathogens. The pathogen overwinters both as sclerotia and via mycelium; basidiospores are not known to play a significant role in the disease cycle. Autumn sclerotia production is initiated by nutrient deficits; in the early growing season when the host and moisture are present again the sclerotia will resume growth and infection of the host. Sclerotia are dispersed through movement in irrigation or rain water, particularly of note where flood irrigation is used. [4] Helicobasidium species will grow as an independent, whitish mycelium for the first part of the growing season, gradually darkening from pink to a dark violet brown as infection progresses mid-season. [3]

Infection occurs via an external infection cushion from which penetrating hyphae infest the lamellae of root tissues, where they cause damage. The dark pigment found in Helicobasidium species is helicobasidin and can be toxic to some plants and microorganisms. [11]

Violet root rot: management

This disease is mostly controlled through cultural means. Resistant varieties can be an effective method to stifle disease progress, as well as early maturing annual crops which avoid infection altogether. Harvesting before the fungus has a chance to infect the crop is also a viable option. As cereal grains are not affected, long rotations with grains can reduce incidence. [3] The fungus requires ample moisture, warm soil temperatures (20-30 °C) and low pH to thrive, drip irrigation and regular lime applications can serve to reduce the fungal presence. [3]

Helicobasidium purpureum 2012-03-17 Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat 205222.jpg
Helicobasidium purpureum

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<i>Helicobasidium purpureum</i> Species of fungus

Helicobasidium purpureum is a species of fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid basidia. Helicobasidium purpureum is an opportunistic plant pathogen and is one of the causes of violet root rot of crops and other plants. DNA sequencing suggests that it is a complex of more than one species. The species has a conidia-bearing anamorph in the Tuberculina persicina complex that is a parasite of rust fungi.

Helicobasidium longisporum is a species of fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid basidia. Helicobasidium longisporum is an opportunistic plant pathogen and is one of the causes of violet root rot of crops and other plants. DNA sequencing suggests that it is a complex of more than one species.

<i>Ceratobasidium cornigerum</i> Species of fungus

Ceratobasidium cornigerum is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps are thin, spread on the substrate out like a film (effused) and web-like. An anamorphic state is frequently obtained when isolates are cultured. Ceratobasidium cornigerum is saprotrophic, but is also a facultative plant pathogen, causing a number of economically important crop diseases, and an orchid endomycorrhizal associate. The species is genetically diverse and is sometimes treated as a complex of closely related taxa. DNA research shows the species actually belongs within the genus Rhizoctonia.

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Helicobasidium mompa is a species of fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid basidia. Helicobasidium mompa is an opportunistic plant pathogen and is one of the causes of violet root rot of crops and other plants. DNA sequencing suggests that it is a distinct, eastern Asian species.

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<i>Rhizoctonia</i> Genus of fungi

Rhizoctonia is a genus of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Species form thin, effused, corticioid basidiocarps, but are most frequently found in their sterile, anamorphic state. Rhizoctonia species are saprotrophic, but some are also facultative plant pathogens, causing commercially important crop diseases. Some are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids. The genus name was formerly used to accommodate many superficially similar, but unrelated fungi.

<i>Tuberculina</i> Genus of fungi


Tuberculina is a genus of fungi in the order Helicobasidiales. The genus is a synonym of Helicobasidium, but currently species have not yet been assigned to the latter genus. Tuberculina species are conidia-bearing parasites of rust fungi, forming felt-like, purple patches on their hosts.

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<i>Agroathelia rolfsii</i> Pathogen fungus

Agroathelia rolfsii is a corticioid fungus in the order Amylocorticiales. It is a facultative plant pathogen and is the causal agent of "southern blight" disease in crops.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Roberts P. (1999). Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 239. ISBN   978-1-900347-69-3.
  2. 1 2 3 Lutz M, Bauer R, Begerow D, Oberwinkler F (2004). "Tuberculina-Thanatophytum/Rhizoctonia crocorum-Helicobasidium: a unique mycoparasitic-phytoparasitic life strategy". Mycol Res. 108: :227-238. doi:10.1017/s0953756204009359. PMID   15185975.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Violet root rot". keys.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  4. 1 2 "Violet root rot | AHDB". ahdb.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  5. ↑ Buddin W, Wakefield EM (1927). "Studies on Rhizoctonia crocorum and Helicobasidium purpureum". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 12: 116–140.
  6. ↑ Moore RT. (1987). "The genera of Rhizoctonia-like fungi". Mycotaxon. 29: 91–99.
  7. 1 2 Lutz M, Bauer R, Begerow D, Oberwinkler F (2004). "Tuberculina-Helicobasidium: Host specificity of the Tuberculina-stage reveals unexpected diversity within the group". Mycologia. 96: 1316–1329. PMID   21148955.
  8. ↑ Aime MC, Castlebury LA, Abbasi M, Begerow D, Berndt R, Kirschner R, Marvanová L, Ono Y, Padamsee M, Scholler M, Thines M, Rossman AY (2018). "Competing sexual and asexual generic names in Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina (Basidiomycota) and recommendations for use". IMA Fungus. 9: 75–89. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.06. PMC   6048570 . PMID   30018873.
  9. ↑ Kumar TK, Celio GJ, Matheny PB, McLaughlin DJ, Hibbett DS, Manimohan P (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships of Auriculoscypha based on ultrastructural and molecular studies". Mycol Res. 111: 268–274. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.12.003. PMID   17363232.
  10. 1 2 Inoue, Kanako; Kanematsu, Satoko; Park, Pyoyun; Ikeda, Kenichi (2010-12-23). "Cytological analysis of mycelial incompatibility in Helicobasidium mompa". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 315 (2): 94–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02174.x . ISSN   0378-1097. PMID   21182537.
  11. ↑ Sayama, Akira; Kobayashi, Kiroku; Ogoshi, Akira (1994-04-01). "Morphological and physiological comparisons of Helicobasidium mompa and H. purpureum". Mycoscience. 35 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1007/BF02268523. ISSN   1340-3540. S2CID   84638697.
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