The globins are a superfamily of heme-containing globular proteins, involved in binding and/or transporting oxygen. These proteins all incorporate the globin fold, a series of eight alpha helical segments. Two prominent members include myoglobin and hemoglobin. Both of these proteins reversibly bind oxygen via a heme prosthetic group. They are widely distributed in many organisms.
Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod (invertebrate) body, remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues. It is composed of a fluid plasma in which hemolymph cells called hemocytes are suspended. In addition to hemocytes, the plasma also contains many chemicals. It is the major tissue type of the open circulatory system characteristic of arthropods. In addition, some non-arthropods such as molluscs possess a hemolymphatic circulatory system.
Neuroglobin is a member of the vertebrate globin family involved in cellular oxygen homeostasis and reactive oxygen/nitrogen scavenging. It is an intracellular hemoprotein expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid, retina and endocrine tissues. Neuroglobin is a monomer that reversibly binds oxygen with an affinity higher than that of hemoglobin. It also increases oxygen availability to brain tissue and provides protection under hypoxic or ischemic conditions, potentially limiting brain damage. Neuroglobin were in the past found only in vertebrate neurons, but recently in 2013, were found in the neurons of unrelated protostomes, like photosynthetic acoel as well as radiata such as jelly fish. In addition to neurons, neuroglobin is present in astrocytes in certain pathologies of the rodent brain and in the physiological seal brain. This is thought to be due to convergent evolution. It is of ancient evolutionary origin, and is homologous to nerve globins of invertebrates. Recent research confirmed the presence of human neuroglobin protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Heat shock protein 47, also known as SERPINH1 is a serpin which serves as a human chaperone protein for collagen.
The germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF), also known as RTR or NR6A1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR6A1 gene. GCNF is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.
Erythrocruorin, and the similar chlorocruorin, are large oxygen-carrying hemeprotein complexes, which have a molecular mass greater than 3.5 million Daltons. Both are sometimes called giant hemoglobin or hexagonal bilayer haemoglobin. They are found in many annelids and arthropods.
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is a transferase enzyme which converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the liver. In humans it is encoded by the PEMT gene within the Smith–Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17.
Nitric oxide dioxygenase (EC 1.14.12.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrate (NO−
3) . The net reaction for the reaction catalyzed by nitric oxide dioxygenase is shown below:
The sodium-hydrogen antiporter 1 (NHE-1) also known as sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 or SLC9A1 is an isoform of sodium–hydrogen antiporter that in humans is encoded by the SLC9A1 gene.
Testicular receptor 4 also known as NR2C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2C2 gene.
Ras-related protein Ral-A (RalA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALA gene on chromosome 7. This protein is one of two paralogs of the Ral protein, the other being RalB, and part of the Ras GTPase family. RalA functions as a molecular switch to activate a number of biological processes, majorly cell division and transport, via signaling pathways. Its biological role thus implicates it in many cancers.
Transcription regulator protein BACH1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BACH1 gene.
Alpha-globin transcription factor CP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFCP2 gene.
The ASAH1 gene encodes in humans the acid ceramidase enzyme.
DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJB6 gene.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 2 also known as MEKK2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K2 gene.
Syntaxin-2, also known as epimorphin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX2 gene.
ADAM19 , is a human gene.
Origin recognition complex subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ORC5 (ORC5L) gene.
AP-3 complex subunit sigma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP3S1 gene.
