| Deroceras laeve | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Agriolimacidae |
| Genus: | Deroceras |
| Species: | D. laeve |
| Binomial name | |
| Deroceras laeve (O. F. Müller, 1774) [1] | |
| Synonyms [2] | |
| |
Deroceras laeve, the marsh slug (or meadow slug [3] ), is a species of small air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Agriolimacidae.
The distribution of Deroceras laeve was originally Palearctic, from the subpolar zones to the southern margins. [4] Today this slug species has been introduced worldwide except Antarctica, also on tropical islands such as New Guinea and on Pacific islands. [4]
Europe:
Asia:
The Americas:
The slug is from brown to dark brown, usually with dark and characteristic but not well visible spots arranged in groups. [4] The shape is almost cylindrical, posterior end is abruptly widened. The mantle covers 50% of body length (unusually large). There are wrinkles on skin present (may disappear in preserved slugs). Mucus is thin, colourless. [4]
This slug is 15–25 mm long when preserved. [4]
Reproductive system: [4] Penis is often reduced, elongated if present, without proper penial gland but with two or more tiny glandular papillae and its end. Retractor is unforked and attached at half penis length, stimulator small, cone-shaped but looks more like a papilla. Tubular oviductus and atrium are unusually long. There is no rectal caecum. [4]
Deroceras laeve has high ecological tolerance, but needs permanently wet habitats. [4] It is usually found in lowlands and very humid habitats, swamps, riversides, wetlands, especially alder and oak woods, marshlands and degraded areas, also greenhouses, often near water under wood or detritus. [4] It tolerates subpolar and tropical temperatures. [4] Newly created habitats are often colonized after a few years. [4] In Switzerland in up to 1800 m altitude, but usually below 1000 m, in Bulgaria in up to 2500 m. [4]
Deroceras laeve can be a serious pest in greenhouses. [4] On the other hand, the species is threatened by continuous elimination of wet habitats by drainage, construction projects and road construction. [4]
It is the only land gastropod that goes deliberately into the water and can survive for days submerged. [4] Because of this unusual behavior, the species can be dispersed by flowing water. [4]
Deroceras laeve is omnivorous and capable of eating eggs and small insects, but tends to prefer plant matter, either alive or dead. [4] [19] [13]
The eggs of this species are translucid and around 1.5 mm to 2 mm in diameter. The eggs can also survive when submerged; juveniles can hatch underwater and then climb to the surface. [4] Hatching happens 2 to 4 weeks after the eggs are laid. The slugs are about 3 mm to 5 mm long when they hatch. They are translucid with a pink tint.
The life cycle is extremely short, and can take place within less than a month. [4] This species can have up to 5 generations in a year, [4] with several generations alive at the same time. [4] Frequently there are forms with a reduced penis, which reproduce by self-fertilisation. [4] The maximum age of this slug is not more than 1 year. [4]
Parasites of Deroceras laeve include:
Zonitoides nitidus, also known as the shiny glass snail or black gloss, is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Gastrodontidae.
Oxyloma elegans is a species of small European land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk belonging to the family Succineidae, the amber snails.
Deroceras praecox is a species of small air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Agriolimacidae.
Arion fuscus, also known as the "dusky arion", is a species of small air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Arionidae, the roundback slugs.
Deroceras reticulatum, common names the "grey field slug", "grey garden slug", and "milky slug", is a species of small air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae. This species is an important agricultural pest.
Pisidium tenuilineatum, the fine-lined pea mussel, is a species of very small freshwater bivalve in the family Sphaeriidae.
Deroceras is a taxonomic genus of small to medium-sized air-breathing land slugs in the family Agriolimacidae.
Deroceras turcicum is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae.
Deroceras juranum is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Agriolimacidae.
Deroceras invadens is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae. Until 2011, this widely distributed species was known as Deroceras panormitanum, and earlier as Deroceras caruanae or Agriolimax caruanae, but Reise et al. (2011) showed that these names refer to a distinct species of similar external appearance known at that time only from Sicily and Malta. Consequently, although the more widespread species was already well known, it then had to be redescribed under the new name of D. invadens. Genetic evidence has indicated that D. invadens is native in southern Italy, including parts of Sicily, and possibly parts of central Italy. Elsewhere it has been introduced, predominantly within the last 100 years, but its spread has been constrained by cold winter temperatures.
Krynickillus melanocephalus is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae. It is an invasive species, spreading from regions around the Black Sea to Northern and Central Europe.
Tandonia kusceri is a species of slug belonging to the family Milacidae.
Andrzej Wiktor (1931–2018) was a Polish taxonomist of terrestrial slugs. His considerable research output includes a number of comprehensive reviews that document the slug faunas of particular countries or revise the taxonomy of whole families. He worked for almost all of his career at the Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław in Poland.
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference [4]
Media related to Deroceras laeve at Wikimedia Commons