Diprion similis

Last updated

Diprion similis
Diprion similis.jpg
Diprion similis final instar larva (side view).jpg
Adult (top) and larva (bottom)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Suborder: Symphyta
Family: Diprionidae
Genus: Diprion
Species:
D. similis
Binomial name
Diprion similis
(Hartig, 1834) [1]
Synonyms [2]
  • Diprion eremita (Thomson)
  • Diprion simile (Hartig)
  • Diprion similes (Hartig)
  • Diprion similis (Hartig)
  • Lophyrus dorsatus (Fabricius)
  • Lophyrus eremita Thomson
  • Lophyrus simile Hartig
  • Lophyrus similis Hartig
  • Neodiprion simile (Hartig)
  • Neodiprion similis (Hartig)
  • Tenthredo dorsata Fabricius
  • Tenthredo eques Schrank
Larva (top view) Diprion similis final instar larva (top view) - Keila.jpg
Larva (top view)

Diprion similis is a species of sawfly in the family Diprionidae. It is native to central and northern Europe and Asia but was accidentally introduced into North America where it has become invasive. The larvae feed on the needles of pine trees, especially those of the white pine ( Pinus strobus ). In North America it is known as the introduced pine sawfly or the imported pine sawfly. It is also known as the white pine sawfly because of its preference for feeding on the white pine, but this name is confusing because another sawfly, Neodiprion pinetum , whose larvae also feed on this tree, is itself known as the "white pine sawfly".

Contents

Description

The adult male is between 7 and 9 mm (0.28 and 0.35 in) in length, black apart from the underside of the abdomen which is sometimes reddish-brown. Antennae are black and bipectinate (feather-like), and legs are yellow except for the trochanters and the base of the femora which are brownish-black. The female is between 7.5 and 10 mm (0.3 and 0.4 in) long, with a black head and thorax and usually a yellow and black abdomen, although some individuals are dark. Antennae are black and serrate (saw-like), and legs are yellow with dusky bases. [3]

Larvae have black heads and resemble the caterpillars of lepidopterans. Females have six instars and males have five. The first three instars are yellowish-green, and the later instars have black longitudinal stripes with patches of yellow and white on a bluish and black background. [3]

Distribution

D. similis is native to central and northern Europe (including Fennoscandia), Russian Siberia (as far as the Lake Baikal region), and China. It was first detected in North America in 1914 in Connecticut and has since spread to much of the eastern United States and Canada, wherever Pinus strobus is to be found. It feeds on other species of pine, but seems to favour P. strobus where it is available. [3]

Hosts

In its natural range, the larvae feed on several species of pine including Pinus sylvestris , Pinus mugo , Pinus cembra and Pinus sibirica as well as such introduced species as Pinus strobus and Pinus contorta . In North America, as well as Pinus strobus, it feeds on Pinus resinosa , Pinus banksiana and P. sylvestris.

Ecology

Diprion similis is arrhenotokous, that is it exhibits a form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into male offspring. Fertilised eggs develop in the normal way into male and female offspring, n = 14 for haploid males and 2n = 28 for diploid females. [3] Adults emerge in spring or later in the year and are active for most of the summer. The female makes a slit in a pine needle with her ovipositor and lays about ten eggs. Unmated females can lay viable eggs and these develop into male offspring. Newly hatched larvae are gregarious but later stages live independently. They feed on the needles of the pine until ready to pupate. The first generation spin cocoon in July and emerge in August. The second generation tends to drop to the ground and spend the winter in a cocoon as a prepupa, pupating in the spring. Some may remain in a prepupal state for a longer period of up to three years. [3]

Sawflies such as this species that have been introduced into North America have found little competition from native sawfly species and become invasive pests. They have few predators or parasites in the New World and their parthenogenetic abilities have allowed them to thrive. [4]

Sawflies employ pheromones to attract the opposite sex and facilitate breeding. It has been found that the pheromone emitted by D. similis contains the (2S,3R,7R)-propionate form of the isomer of 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-yl as its main component, while Neodiprion pinetum, which also feeds on white pines, uses the (2S,3S,7S)-acetate isomer as its main constituent. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luna moth</span> Species of insect

The luna moth, also called the American moon moth, is a Nearctic moth in the family Saturniidae, subfamily Saturniinae, a group commonly named the giant silk moths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bordered white</span> Species of moth

The bordered white or pine looper, is a moth of the family Geometridae. Among these, it belongs to tribe Bupalini of the subfamily Ennominae. B. piniaria is a common species throughout the western Palearctic region, the Near East and North Africa. However, its presence in certain regions – e.g. the northern Balkans – is doubtful.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grayling (butterfly)</span> Species of butterfly

The grayling or rock grayling is a species in the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. Although found all over Europe, the grayling mostly inhabits coastal areas, with inland populations declining significantly in recent years. The grayling lives in dry and warm habitats with easy access to the sun, which helps them with body temperature regulation.

<i>Eacles imperialis</i> Species of moth

Eacles imperialis, the imperial moth, is a member of the family Saturniidae and subfamily Ceratocampinae. It is found mainly in the East of South America and North America, from the center of Argentina to south Canada. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773.

<i>Hyalophora cecropia</i> Species of moth

Hyalophora cecropia, the cecropia moth, is North America's largest native moth. It is a member of the family Saturniidae, or giant silk moths. Females have been documented with a wingspan of five to seven inches or more. These moths can be found all across North America as far west as Washington and north into the majority of Canadian provinces. Cecropia moth larvae are most commonly found on maple trees, but they have also been found on cherry and birch trees among many others. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

<i>Graellsia isabellae</i> Species of moth

Graellsia isabellae, the Spanish moon moth, is in the silkmoth family Saturniidae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Graellsia. The species was first described by Mariano de la Paz Graells y de la Agüera in 1849 and the genus was erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1896.

<i>Pristiphora erichsonii</i> Species of sawfly

Pristiphora erichsonii, the larch sawfly, is a species of sawfly. The adult sawfly resembles a black wasp, is about ½ inch in length with a thick waist and has brown to orangish markings on the abdomen. Larvae have black heads, gray-green bodies with white undersides, and are about 15–18 mm long when full grown. Larvae occur in groups and characteristically curl their bodies upward in a "J" shape when disturbed.

<i>Actias dubernardi</i> Species of moth

Actias dubernardi, the Chinese moon moth, is a moth of the family Saturniidae. The species was first described by Charles Oberthür in 1897.

<i>Protoboarmia porcelaria</i> Species of moth

Protoboarmia porcelaria, the porcelain gray or dash-lined looper, is a Geometrid species of moth found throughout North America, except in the far north. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1857.

<i>Xenotemna</i> Monotypic genus of tortrix moths

Xenotemna is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae. It contains only one species, Xenotemna pallorana, which is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alaska to California, east to Florida and north to Quebec and Ontario.

Eucosma gloriola, the eastern pine shoot borer, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from eastern Canada, south to Virginia, and west to Minnesota.

<i>Citheronia laocoon</i> Species of moth

Citheronia laocoon is a species of moth in the family Saturniidae. It is found from the Guianas south to northern Argentina.

<i>Neodiprion sertifer</i> Species of sawfly

Neodiprion sertifer, the European pine sawfly or red pine sawfly, is a sawfly species in the genus Neodiprion. Although native to Europe, it was accidentally introduced to North America in 1925.

<i>Neodiprion abietis</i> Species of sawfly

Neodiprion abietis, commonly known as the balsam fir sawfly, is a species of insect in the family Diprionidae. It is found in North America from Canada to northern Mexico and is phytophagous, feeding on the needles of coniferous trees.

<i>Diprion pini</i> Species of sawfly

Diprion pini, the common pine sawfly, is a sawfly species in the family Diprionidae. It is a serious pest of economic forestry, capable of defoliating large areas of pine forest. It occurs throughout Europe and Russia.

White pine sawfly may refer to two pine sawfly species, whose larvae feed on the white pine:

Neodiprion pinetum is a species of sawfly in the family Diprionidae. It is commonly known as the white pine sawfly, a name sometimes also applied to Diprion similis, because the larvae of both species feed on the needles of the white pine.

<i>Neodiprion lecontei</i> Species of sawfly

Neodiprion lecontei is a species of sawfly in the family Diprionidae native to eastern North America, commonly known as the red-headed pine sawfly or Leconte's sawfly. The larvae feed on the foliage of many species of native and imported pines. This species was named after John Lawrence LeConte, an American entomologist of the 19th century.

<i>Dahlbominus fuscipennis</i> Species of wasp

Dahlbominus fuscipennis, the sawfly parasitic wasp, is a species of chalcid wasp from the family Eulophidae which parasitizes the European pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer, among other hosts. It is the only species in the genus Dahlbominus.

<i>Acantholyda erythrocephala</i> Species of sawfly

Acantholyda erythrocephala is a species of sawfly in the family Pamphiliidae commonly known as the red-headed pine sawfly or the pine false webworm. Native to Europe, it has been introduced into North America where it has become invasive.

References

  1. "Diprion similis: Introduced Pine Sawfly". BugGuide. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  2. "Results for the species Lophyrus Eremita Thomson". Hymenoptera Name Server. Retrieved 24 May 2017.[ permanent dead link ]
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Diprion similis (white pine sawfly)". Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  4. Langor, David; Sweeney, Jon (2009). Ecological Impacts of Non-Native Invertebrates and Fungi on Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 14. ISBN   978-1-4020-9680-8.
  5. Olaifa, J.I.; Matsumura, F.; Kikukawa, T.; Coppel, H.C. (1988). "Pheromone-dependent species recognition mechanisms between Neodiprion pinetum and Diprion similis on white pine". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 14 (4): 1131–1144. doi:10.1007/BF01019341. PMID   24276199. S2CID   26691764.