Dolfijn-class submarine

Last updated
Hr.Ms. Zeehond (S809) (2158 017112).jpg
The Dutch submarine HNLMS Zeehond
Class overview
NameDolfijn class
Builders Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij & Wilton-Fijenoord
OperatorsNaval Jack of the Netherlands.svg  Royal Netherlands Navy
Preceded by
Succeeded by Walrus class
SubclassesPotvis class
Built1954–1966
In service1960–1992
Completed4
Retired4
Preserved1
General characteristics
Type Submarine
Displacement
  • 1,530 tons (surfaced)
  • 1,826 tons (submerged)
Length79.5 m (261 ft)
Beam7.8 m (26 ft)
Draught5.0 m (16.4 ft)
Propulsion2 shafts, diesel electric. 2 MAN type diesels (2800 hp) and two electric motors 4000 hp
Speed
  • 14.5 kn (26.9 km/h; 16.7 mph) (surfaced)
  • 17 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph) (submerged)
Complement67
Sensors and
processing systems		Radar type 1001, Sonar: passive and active
Armament8 x 533 mm (21 inch torpedo tubes) 4 bow, 4 stern, 16–22 torpedoes, fitted for minelaying via torpedo tubes

The Dolfijn-class submarines of the Royal Netherlands Navy are a class of four submarines; Dolfijn, Zeehond, Potvis and Tonijn. They were built in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. They were the first indigenous submarines built in the Netherlands and for the Royal Netherlands Navy after World War II. In the Netherlands they are also known as "three cylinder" submarines. [1] They formed the backbone of the Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service during most of the Cold War. [2]

Contents

History

Dolfijn-class ships Dolfijn (left) and Zeehond (right) under construction in 1956. Bouw van -links- de Dolfijn (S808) en -rechts- de Zeehond (S809) bij de Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij (2158 016666).jpg
Dolfijn-class ships Dolfijn (left) and Zeehond (right) under construction in 1956.
Dolfijn undergoing sea trials in 1960. Proefvaart onderzeeboot Hr.Ms. Dolfijn (1960-1982) op de rede van Den Helder (2158 016712).jpg
Dolfijn undergoing sea trials in 1960.
Potvis and Tonijn nearing completion at Wilton's Dok- en Werf Maatschappij, 1964. Bouw van -rechts- de Potvis (1965-1992) en -links- de Tonijn (1966-1991) bij de NV Dok en Werf Maatschappij Wilton-Fijenoord (2158 025739).jpg
Potvis and Tonijn nearing completion at Wilton's Dok- en Werf Maatschappij, 1964.

The Second World War had a big impact on the Royal Netherlands Navy and especially on the Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service. Many submarines were lost during the war and only eight were left of the twenty submarines that the Dutch submarine service had at the beginning of the war. [3] In addition, these remaining submarines were either in bad condition due to extensive use or they were simply outdated. [4] To boost its submarine fleet the Royal Netherlands Navy managed to acquire several surplus submarines from Great Britain and the United States, however, this was only a temporary solution to the problems and more needed to be done to secure strengthen the Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service. To this end, the Submarine Service spent the first years after the Second World War making plans and designs to rebuild the Dutch submarine fleet. This was hard because the last indigenous design was made sometime before the Second World War started and in the meanwhile there had been many developments, so there was a lot of catch up to do for the Dutch navy. [5] A result of this was that during the designing phase for the new submarines the requirements constantly changed to fit in new research, developments and innovations. Meanwhile, there were conflicting ideas over the new submarines design with engineer De Munter making a case for a submarine with a single pressure hull and Max F. Gunning wanting to push through a Three-Cylinder design which consisted of three separate pressure hulls. [6] Nonetheless, both designs were a massive leap forward in comparison to the submarines in service at the time with the Royal Netherlands Navy and those that were earlier in Dutch service. However, eventually the Three-Cylinder design of Max F. Gunning was chosen for the new boats, mainly because the design made it possible for submarines to be able to dive 200 meters deep and stay under water much longer than other Dutch designs. [7]

Sister ships Zeehond and Dolfijn docked at port Hr.Ms. Dolfijn (S808) meert af langszij Hr.Ms. Zeehond (S809) (2097 039 076854).jpg
Sister ships Zeehond and Dolfijn docked at port

After the design was finalised at the end of the 1940s it was decided not to immediately build the four submarines. The reason for this was that the Dutch government could not afford to pay for the construction at the time. The Politionele acties in Indonesia had cost the government a lot of money and at the same time the price of maintaining the old and outdated submarine fleet was high. [8] The submarine was re-designed to lower the price and was put to tender in August 1950. Eventually the Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij managed to get the order to build four submarines for 12 million guilders each with an option for another four submarines. [9] The construction of the boats started in 1954, however, it took till 1960 for the first submarine, HNLMS Dolfijn, to be commissioned. [10] During the construction of the Dolfijn class the Dutch government had approached the United States to ask if they could lend two more submarines since the construction of the new submarines took longer than expected and the replacement of several old Dutch submarines could wait no longer. [11] The old submarines the Royal Netherlands Navy were operating were expected to be decommissioned in 1954 and their performance was already severely lacking at the end of the 1940s. [12] The United States gave their consent and lent USS Icefish and Hawkbill of the Balao class, which were renamed and commissioned as HNLMS Walrus and Zeeleeuw during their stay with the Royal Netherlands Navy. These two submarines were of the so-called GUPPY design (Greater Underwater Propulsion Power) and a big update in comparison to the old submarines of the Dutch navy. [13] Around the same time the Dutch government also decided to put the construction of the last two submarines of Dolfijn-class submarines on hold, since it wanted to research and focus on submarines based on nuclear propulsion. [8] They decided this after seeing the performance of the nuclear submarines of the United States and the plans of the Soviet Union, Great Britain and France to construct nuclear submarines. This meant that in 1961 there were only two of the planned four Dolfijn-class submarines in active service, HNLMS Dolfijn and in December 1961 the commissioned HNLMS Zeehond. After the Dutch government deemed nuclear propulsion not feasible for the two Dolfijn-class submarines that were put on hold, it was decided to build them with diesel-electric propulsion and they were commissioned respectively in November 1965 and February 1966 as HNLMS Potvis and HNLMS Tonijn. [14] Since these two submarines were built later than the previous two some have started calling them Potvis-class submarines rather than Dolfijn-class submarines.

Design

Dolfijn-class submarine section plans Dolfijn submarine section plans.svg
Dolfijn-class submarine section plans
Zeehond at periscope depth De snuiver, antenne en periscoop van de onderzeeboot Hr.Ms. Zeehond (S809) steken boven het water uit (2097 039 077102).jpg
Zeehond at periscope depth

The four diesel-electric submarines of the Dolfijn class and the Potvis class form the so-called Three-Cylinders; These four boats are virtually identical and the four boats are considered one and the same class consisting of two batches. The name is based on their unusual design, instead of one or two pressure hulls the submarines of the Dolfijn class consists of three separate pressure hulls (cylinders) arranged in a triangle and enclosed in an external steel casing which separates the inside of the submarine into three parts. [15] The main advantages are that it allows submarines to dive deeper and have better stability than other boats, among other things. [10] The disadvantage, however, is that it means that the submarine has more machinery and thus more crew to maintain and control those machinery. [14] The upper hull was meant for the living and working part of the crew and the lower two hulls were for the engines, batteries and storage rooms. This allowed the submarine to dive much deeper than other submarines from the late 1950s, with a test depth of 200 metres (660 ft). [11] The designer was Max F. Gunning, who came upon this idea when he thought of a way to make sure Malta was properly provisioned during the Second World War. [7] [15]

The Royal Netherlands Navy considered using nuclear propulsion for the second batch of Dolfijn-class submarines (so-called Potvis class) and therefore postponed in the late 1950s their construction to study the feasibility of building nuclear powered submarines, but in the end it was decided not to use nuclear propulsion for the Potvis-class submarines. This meant that both Potvis-class submarines were built with diesel-electric propulsion like her earlier sister ships. [8]

Zeehond was converted into a trials ship by Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij shipyard in Rotterdam in 1990 and used as a technology demonstrator for a closed cycle diesel air-independent propulsion system until 1994. [16]

Tasks

Zeehond in the North Sea, 1962 De onderzeeboot Hr.Ms. Zeehond (S809) (2158 001575).jpg
Zeehond in the North Sea, 1962

The Dolfijn-class submarines had several tasks in case of wartime, these were: [17]

Ships in class

ShipBuilderLaid downLaunchedCommissionedFate
Dolfijn Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij 30 December 195420 May 195916 December 1960Broken up 1985
Zeehond Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij 30 December 195420 February 196016 March 1961Test ship 1990, Scrapped 1997
Potvis class
Potvis 17 September 196212 January 19652 November 1965Decommissioned 1992, Broken up 1994
Tonijn 26 October 196214 June 1965 196524 February 1966Decommissioned 1991, preserved in the Dutch Navy Museum in Den Helder.

Related Research Articles

<i>Walrus</i>-class submarine Attack submarine class of the Royal Netherlands Navy

The Walrus-class submarine is the only submarine class currently in operation in the Royal Netherlands Navy. The boats have been in service since 1990 and are all named after sea mammals.

HNLMS <i>Walrus</i> (1985) Submarine

HNLMS Walrus (S802) was a Walrus-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. After a long delay following a serious fire during construction, the submarine entered service in 1992. Walrus was deployed both for naval exercises and in combat operations around the world. She was decommissioned in October 2023.

<i>Zwaardvis</i>-class submarine Submarine class

The Zwaardvis-class submarine ("Swordfish") is a class of conventional attack submarines that were built to strengthen the Royal Netherlands Navy. The Dutch government opted for the choice to not replace the two Zwaardvis-class submarines with either more Walrus-class submarines, or submarines of a new design.

<i>Holland</i>-class destroyer Dutch destroyer

The Holland-class destroyers were built for the Royal Netherlands Navy in the 1950s. They were the first major warships designed and built by the Dutch after World War II. In contrast to previous Dutch Navy practice the ships were named after provinces rather than admirals.

HMS <i>H6</i> H-class submarine operated by the Royal Navy,

HMS H6 was a British H-class submarine of the Royal Navy built by Canadian Vickers & Co. during World War I.

The naval history of the Netherlands dates back to the 15th century. As overseas trade was a traditional cornerstone of the Dutch economy, naval defence was indispensable for the protection of commercial interests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service</span> Submarine element of the Royal Netherlands Navy

The Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service is a department within the Royal Netherlands Navy that is responsible for the deployment of Dutch submarines. It was established out of the Netherlands Torpedo Service on 21 December 1906, and merged with the Netherlands Mine Service on 15 July 2005.

<i>O 19</i>-class submarine

The O 19 class was a class of two submarines, built for the Royal Netherlands Navy by Fijenoord, Rotterdam. The ships were designed as submarine minelayer for operations in both European and colonies waters. The class comprised O 19 and O 20 and were the first submarines in the world to be equipped with a submarine snorkel that allowed the submarine to run its diesel engines while submerged. The submarines diving depth was 100 m (330 ft). These units were very similar to earlier Polish Orzeł class, with a reduced torpedo battery and 10 vertical mine tubes fitted on each beam.

<i>O 21</i>-class submarine

The O 21 class was a class of seven submarines, built for the Royal Netherlands Navy. The boats were still incomplete at the start of the German invasion of the Netherlands, O 21, O 22, O 23 and O 24 were hastily launched and escaped to the United Kingdom. O 25, O 26 and O 27 were not able to escape and were captured by the German forces. The Kriegsmarine ordered the completion of the boats and they entered German service as UD-3, UD-4 and UD-5. The submarines' diving depth was 100 meters (330 ft).

<i>K XIV</i>-class submarine

The K XIV class submarine was a class of five submarines, built for the Royal Netherlands Navy. Used for patrols in the Dutch colonial waters. The class comprised K XIV, K XV, K XVI, K XVII and K XVIII. The submarines diving depth was 80 m (260 ft). Three of the boats were lost in World War II.

HNLMS <i>O 16</i> Dutch submarine

HNLMS O 16 was a submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy that saw service during World War II. She was the first submarine of the RNN manufactured from high-quality Steel 52, with the ability to dive at a depth of 80 metres (260 ft).

HNLMS O 7 was a unique patrol submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy for use in the home waters of Europe. The ship was built by the Maatschappij Fijenoord shipyard in Rotterdam. The submarines diving depth was 40 metres. O 6 was very similar to the O 7 and they are sometimes regarded as one class.

<i>Zwaardvisch</i>-class submarine Class of diesel-electric submarines

The Zwaardvisch class was a class of initially two, and later four, submarines that served between 1943 and 1965 in the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN). They were former T-class submarines. Two were acquired and transferred to the RNLN during the Second World War, while another two were loaned from the Royal Navy post-war for a period of five years.

HNLMS <i>Dolfijn</i> (S808)

HNLMS Dolfijn was a Dolfijn-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy.

HNLMS <i>K XVII</i>

K XVII was one of five K XIV-class submarines built for the Royal Netherlands Navy. She served during World War II.

HNLMS <i>Zeeleeuw</i> (1987) Submarine

HNLMS Zeeleeuw (S803) is a Walrus-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She entered service in 1990 as the first submarine of the Walrus class, after the intended lead ship, HNLMS Walrus, was delayed for a long period following a serious fire during construction. Zeeleeuw has been deployed both for naval exercises and in combat operations around the world. Furthermore, the submarine plays an important role by performing intelligence operations. The submarine has undergone a mid-life maintenance and upgrade program between 2014 and 2016, and is currently in active service.

HNLMS <i>Dolfijn</i> (1990) Submarine

HNLMS Dolfijn (S808) is a Walrus-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She entered service in 1993 as the third submarine of the Walrus class, after HNLMS Walrus and HNLMS Zeeleeuw. Dolfijn has been deployed both for naval exercises and in combat operations around the world. Furthermore, the submarine plays an important role by performing intelligence operations.

HNLMS <i>Bruinvis</i> Submarine

HNLMS Bruinvis (S810) is a Walrus-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She entered service in 1994 as the fourth and final submarine of the Walrus class, after HNLMS Walrus, Zeeleeuw and Dolfijn. Bruinvis has been deployed both for naval exercises and in combat operations around the world. As of December 2015 the submarine was in active service.

<i>Walrus</i>-class submarine (1953)

The Walrus class was a class of two submarines that served between 1953 and 1971 in the Royal Netherlands Navy. They were former Balao class submarines that were loaned to the Netherlands by the United States under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP).

References

  1. ↑ Gerretse and Wijn, p. 9
  2. ↑ Heij, D. (June 1991). "De huidige Onderzeedienst" (PDF). Klaar Voor Onderwater. No. 35. Den Helder: Onderzeedienst Reünistenvereniging. pp. 7–9.
  3. ↑ de Bles, Boven and Homburg, pp. 95
  4. ↑ de Bles, Boven and Homburg, p. 101
  5. ↑ J.G. Cox, "Onderzeeboot-bestrijding" in: Militaire Spectator - Wetenschappelijke jaarberichten 118 (1949) pp. 26–29.
  6. ↑ K.H.L. Gerretse and J.J.A. Wijn, pp. 34–37
  7. 1 2 "100 jaar onderzeeboten" (PDF). Koninklijke Marine. 29 June 2017. pp. 31–32. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 van der Hoest, Peter (20 September 2006). "Een eeuw onderzeeboten". www.maritiemnederland.com. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  9. ↑ Gerretse and Wijn, p.39
  10. 1 2 "Bouwnummer RDM-279, Hr. Ms. "Dolfijn", 1960, onderzeeboot". www.rdm-archief.nl. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  11. 1 2 Karremann, Jaime (29 June 2017). "Driecilinder onderzeeboten". Marineschepen.nl. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  12. ↑ J.F. Drijfhout van Hooff, "De ontwikkeling van het Onderzeebootwapen in 1950" in: Militaire Spectator - Wetenschappelijke jaarberichten 119 (1950) p. 26.
  13. ↑ Gerretse and Wijn, p. 43
  14. 1 2 "Dolfijn / Potvis". Global Security. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  15. 1 2 Gerretse and Wijn, pp. 32–33
  16. ↑ Bitzinger, R. (2016). Emerging Critical Technologies and Security in the Asia-Pacific. Springer. p. 99. ISBN   978-1-137-46128-5.
  17. ↑ Hr.Ms. Schepen (XXXI), Hr.Ms. Onderzeeboten Dolfijn en Zeehond. Alle Hens. May 1961. p. 5.

Bibliography

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.