Zwaardvisch-class submarine

HNLMS Zwaardvis
Class overview
Name	Zwaardvisch class
Builders	Vickers-Armstrongs, Barrow-in-Furness
Operators	Royal Netherlands Navy
Succeeded by	Dolfijn class
In service	1943–1965 [1]
General characteristics
Type	Submarine
Displacement	1,320 tons surfaced 1,580 tons submerged
Length	87.3 m (286 ft 5 in)
Beam	8.1 m (26 ft 7 in)
Draught	4.7 m (15 ft 5 in)
Propulsion	2 screws 2 × 6-cylinder four-stroke Vickers diesel engines, 1,250 hp (932 kW) each 2 × 900 hp (671 kW) electric motors 3 × 112 cells batteries (5350 Ah)
Speed	15.5  kn (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph) surfaced 8.5 kn (15.7 km/h; 9.8 mph) submerged
Test depth	60 m (200 ft)
Armament	11 × 21 in (530 mm) torpedo tubes (8 bow, 3 stern) 1 x 10.3 cm (4.1 in) deck gun 1 x 20 mm (0.79 in) machine gun 19 torpedoes

The Zwaardvisch class was a class of initially two, and later four, submarines that served between 1943 and 1965 in the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN). ^[2] They were former T-class submarines. Two were acquired and transferred to the RNLN during the Second World War, while another two were loaned from the Royal Navy post-war for a period of five years. ^{[3] [4]}

Background

During the Second World War the Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service (OZD) re-evaluated in 1941 the state of its submarine fleet. ^[5] It concluded that new submarines should be acquired to compensate the loss of HNLMS O 13 and HNLMS O 22 and to replace some older submarines that had become obsolete due their age. ^[6] As a result in September 1941 a request was made to the British Admiralty to purchase three T- class submarines which were being built as part of a British building program that would be completed by 1942. ^[5] This request was rejected as the Royal Navy needed these boats themselves, instead the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) was offered two U-class submarines, which it accepted. ^[5] Nevertheless, there was still a need for more submarines for the OZD and after the construction program of the T class was well underway in 1943, the Dutch government-in-exile made another request to the British Admiralty on April 1943 for the transfer of a T-class submarine. ^{[7] [6]} This time the request was approved and on 6 December 1943 HNLMS Zwaardvisch was taken into service. ^[8] A year later, in 1944, the Dutch government started negotiations to acquire another T-class submarine. ^[7] This request was also approved and on 6 April 1945 HNLMS Tijgerhaai was taken into service. ^[9]

After the Second World War had ended the material of the OZD consisted mostly of old and worn-out submarines. ^{[10] [11]} While the RNLN made several plans to modernize the submarine fleet, it took many years till these plans resulted in the construction and commissioning of new submarines. ^[12] In the meanwhile the RNLN tried to loan some of the surplus submarines that allies such as the United Kingdom (UK) and United States had. ^{[13] [14]} In 1947 this led to the UK loaning two T-class submarines to the Netherlands for a duration of five years. ^[15] The two loaned submarines were during their service in the RNLN also considered part of the Zwaardvisch class. ^[16]

Design

All four submarines of the Zwaardvisch class were built in the United Kingdom at the shipyard of Vickers-Armstrongs in Barrow-in-Furness. ^[1] The boats had a displacement of 1,320 tons on the surface and 1,580 tons submerged. ^[9] When it came to measurements, they had a length of 87.3 metres (286 ft 5 in), a beam of 8.1 metres (26 ft 7 in) and a draught of 4.7 metres (15 ft 5 in). ^[17] The boats had a diving depth of 60 metres (200 ft). ^[18] They were considered less advanced than the O 21-class submarines. ^[19]

Armament

The primary armament of the Zwaardvisch-class submarines consisted of eleven 53.3-centimetre (21.0 in) torpedo tubes; eight were located at the bow and three at the stern. ^[20] Of the eight torpedo tubes at the bow six were installed internally and two externally, while all three at the stern were located externally. ^[21] Furthermore, the boats could carry a total of 19 torpedoes, with eleven torpedoes being placed inside the torpedo tubes and a further eight for reloads. ^[20] Besides torpedo tubes, the boats were also equipped with a single 10.3-centimetre (4.1 in) deck gun and a single 20 mm (0.79 in) machine gun. ^[9]

Propulsion

The Zwaardvisch-class submarines were equipped with two six-cylinder four-stroke Vickers diesel engines that could each produce 1,250 horsepower (930 kW) (combined 2,500 hp, 1,900 kW) ^[21] and drive the two screws of the submarine to a maximum surface speed of 15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph). ^[22] Besides the two diesel engines, the submarines also had two electric motors that each could produce 900 hp (670 kW) and three banks of 112-cell batteries with a capacity of 5,350 Ah. ^{[23] [22] [8]} This allowed the submarines to operate solely on electric power for five hours. ^[23] The maximum speed underwater was 8.5 knots (15.7 km/h; 9.8 mph). ^[24] The Zwaarvisch-class submarines were also fitted with snorkels. ^{[25] [21]}

Service history

Second World War

The only submarine who saw action during the Second World War was HNLMS Zwaardvisch. ^[20] During the war the submarine completed several successful war patrols and managed to sink six ships, including the Japanese minelayer Itsukushima and the German submarine U-168. ^[8] The boat was also used for Secret Inter Service (SIS) and Special Operations Executive (SOE) operations. ^[7] As a result of its accomplishments, Zwaardvisch is considered one of the most successful Dutch submarines during the later part of the Second World War in the Pacific theater. ^[26] While HNLMS Tijgerhaai was also commissioned during the war, it saw no action due to entering service a few months before it ended. ^[20]

Post-war

After the Second World War both submarines returned to the Netherlands and were stationed at the Waalhaven Submarine Base. ^{[8] [27]} While the submarines were not involved in the Indonesian War of Independence and were regularly put in conservation, they did make patrols from time to time. ^{[27] [8]} In 1948 the HNLMS Dolfijn and Zeehond also became part of the Zwaardvisch class, after the United Kingdom agreed to lent these two submarines for a period of five years to the Netherlands. ^[25] That same year Dolfijn made history by becoming the first submarine to cross the Atlantic Ocean using its snorkel. ^[13] In March 1950 Dolfijn left for the Arctic Ocean as part of Operation IJsco. ^{[28] [29]} The purpose of the trip was to check how the crew and submarine would perform in cold and icy waters. ^[28] After six weeks the boat returned to the Waalhaven Submarine Base and the conclusion was that submarines of the Zwaardvisch class were not suitable for operations in the northern waters. ^[30]

Notes

Citations

1. Raven (1988), p. 179.
2. Schoonoord (2012), p. 318.
3. van Amstel (1991), pp. 55-56.
4. Jalhay (1982), pp. 122-124.
5. Jalhay (1982), p. 38.
6. de Bles, Boven and Homburg (2006), p. 98.
7. Jalhay (1982), p. 39.
8. Mark (1997), p. 92.
9. von Münching (1978), p. 46.
10. Nooteboom (2001), pp. 13–14.
11. Raven (1988), pp. 121–122.
12. Jalhay (1982), p. 63.
13. de Bles, Boven and Homburg (2006), p. 102.
14. Nooteboom (2001), p. 38.
15. Woudstra (1982), p. 95.
16. Schoonoord (2012), p. 318.
17. van Amstel (1991), p. 55.
18. Mooiman, B.A.; Bremer, J.T. (December 2004). "Aan de havenkant: Afzien op 'romantische' boten Zwaardvis en Tijgerhaai" (PDF). Klaar Voor Onderwater (in Dutch). Vol. 27, no. 90. Den Helder: Onderzeedienst Reünistenvereniging. p. 13.
19. van den Pol, E. (December 2006). "Onderzeebootbouw in Nederland" (PDF). Klaar Voor Onderwater (in Dutch). Vol. 29, no. 98. Den Helder: Onderzeedienst Reünistenvereniging. pp. 23–33.
20. van Willigenburg (2010), p. 72.
21. Blackman (1953), p. 263.
22. Bosscher and Busssemaker (2007), pp. 86-87.
23. Jalhay (1982), p. 127.
24. Lenton (1968), p. 45.
25. Gardiner, Chumbley and Budzbon (1995), p. 279.
26. de Bles, Boven and Homburg (2006), p. 100.
27. de Bles, Boven and Homburg (2006), p. 101.
28. Karremann (2017), p. 22.
29. "Dolfijn' vetrokken voor verre oefenreis". Het Rotterdamsch Parool (in Dutch). 13 March 1950.
30. Karremann (2017), pp. 31-31.

Bibliography

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