The Walrus-class submarine is the only submarine class currently in operation in the Royal Netherlands Navy. The boats have been in service since 1990 and are all named after sea mammals.
In 1974, the Royal Netherlands Navy announced, through the Ministry of Defence's 10-year plan Defensienota 1974[nl], that it wanted to replace its aging Dolfijn-class submarines.[6] Since the 1960s, the Royal Netherlands Navy had been conducting studies and research into a suitable replacement attack submarine.[7] This research initiative concluded that the Netherlands should build conventional diesel-electric submarines, as nuclear submarines were costly and could only be constructed, crewed, and maintained by countries with major navies such as the United States, France and the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, even with the diesel-electric submarine, the Dutch government sought to work together with international allies to reduce construction costs.[6]
The Walrus-class Zeeleeuw under construction at Rotterdam in 1987
Between 1975 and 1978, the design of the Walrus class was for the most part completed, and included many improvements which would result in new, state-of-the-art submarines that would mark a significant improvement over previous submarines used by the Royal Netherlands Navy.[8] For example, a special kind of French-produced steel was used to construct the hull of the Walrus-class submarines; this steel proved to be more elastic, allowing submarines of the class to dive deeper than previous submarines. Furthermore, there was a focus on automation which was aimed at decreasing the manpower required to operate the submarines, while also making them more effective against threats.[9]
On 19 June 1979, Minister of DefenseWillem Scholten signed a contract worth 425million guilders with the Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij (RDM) to build two submarines to replace the Dolfijn-class submarines, with the construction of the second boat to commence the following year.[10] Soon, RDM noticed that the new submarines could not be built the same way as the Zwaardvis-class submarines; it had to use new techniques to build the submarines.[8] Furthermore, the design was constantly modified to incorporate new developments in the submarine world, which led to issues that slowed the building process.[9] Nonetheless, construction continued and on 11October 1979, HNLMSWalrus was laid down.[2] Two years later, on 24September 1981, HNLMSZeeleeuw was laid down.[4]
Unexpectedly, on 19 February 1983, RDM's parent company Rijn-Schelde-Verolme declared bankruptcy, despite successive governments providing 2.2billion guilders in state aid to RSV.[11][12] This was problematic because the construction of the Walrus-class submarines was far from completion. To ensure construction of the submarines continued, RDM was re-established as an independent company.[2] Furthermore, the Royal Netherlands Navy ordered an additional two Walrus-class submarines earlier than planned to assist RDM financially.[9] However, at this time the Walrus-class submarines were facing many problems.[13]
Walrus in 1987 following repairs after the fire which resulted in serious damage to the command centre
New problems arose on 14 August 1986, when the command centre of Walrus caught fire, while it was still on a scaffold in the shipyard.[14] The fire lasted about five hours, and resulted in immense damage to the submarine; the command center was completely burned out.[15] While some equipment could be rescued, most had to be replaced.[9] This delayed the construction of the submarines once again. The costs of the resulting damage was 225million guilders, which was fully covered by insurance.[15][16] The exact location, origin and cause of the fire was never established. Presumably, the fire was caused in the vicinity of the corporals and men's washroom by a defect in the electrical work lighting. Repairs were reported as complete in 1987,[8] but had so delayed construction of Walrus that the second submarine (with construction number 349) was put into service as the first of the class, with the name HNLMS Zeeleeuw (sea lion). HNLMS Walrus was put into service two years later. The two other boats were put into service as HNLMSDolfijn and HNLMSBruinvis (porpoise). The delays meant that HNLMSDolfijn(S808), HNLMSPotvis and HNLMSTonijn of the Dolfijn class had to remain in service longer than planned.[15] All the problems, delays and rising costs were eventually dubbed by the Dutch national parliament as the "Walrus-affair".[14] Nonetheless, at the time of their commissioning, the Walrus-class submarines were considered to be one of the most modern and advanced conventional submarines in operation.[8]
The submarines of the Walrus class, when submerged, are silent and therefore difficult to detect by ships, planes and other submarines once they go into hiding.[18] This makes the boats very suitable for combating surface vessels and submarines, protecting friendly units, gathering information, providing early warning detection, and supporting special operations. The submarines can also be used to enforce international sanctions, as they did during the Yugoslav Wars.[19]
The Walrus-class submarines were specifically designed for hunting Russian submarines during the Cold War.[20] However, the Cold War had ended by the time they became operational. Nonetheless, they have provided excellent services in various international conflict situations in which the deployment of the Royal Netherlands Navy was requested.[14] Since the Dutch submarines have acquired a good reputation, they are often part of international exercises, taking part in mock battles.[18][21]
In March 2023 it was reported that the Dutch government wants to buy Tomahawks for the Walrus class submarines.[22][23] The Tomahawks would be the Torpedo Tube Launch (TTL) version, which can be fired from the torpedo tubes of the submarines.[24] However, at the same time it was also stated that if the delivery of this version of the Tomahawk would take too long to deliver it might not be feasible to integrate them on the Walrus class, as these submarines will replaced in the 2030s by a new class of submarines.[25]
Operational history
Aerial view of Zeeleeuw
After the Cold War, the submarines have been tasked with many highly confidential intelligence gathering operations, many of which are still classified.[26] They have operated in the Northern Atlantic, Mediterranean Yugoslavian region, the Persian Gulf at Iran and Iraq, and the Caribbean, often upon the request of allies, including the United States.[20]
In November 2016, the Russian Navy claimed to have chased off a Walrus-class vessel from a battle group that included the Admiral Kuznetsov.[28]
Submarine command course
Engine room aboard Zeeleeuw
The Walrus-class submarines are used for the Submarine Command Course (SMCC) for both national and international candidates (including the UK, Australia and Canada), selecting and training future commanders of conventional submarines. They are highly rated, with an exceptional reputation.[29] The Royal Netherlands Navy began this course after the British Royal Navy phased out their conventional submarines.
In 2007, the Dutch cabinet approved an upgrade of the four operational submarines and recruitment of additional crew to improve overall operational availability.[30] The upgrades were focused on near-shore operations and integration with new weapons, and include:
Replacing one periscope with a non-hull-penetrating optronic mast from L-3 KEO which enables the submarine to capture HD footage, both day and night[32]
Addition of a mine and obstacle avoidance sonar by ELAC Nautik
Introduction of a new combat management system[33]
Modifications to support special operations forces
In 2013, the contract for the Walrus-class (IP-W) Conservation Program was signed.[34] The program covered the preservation of the pressure skin, the replacement of the sonar, navigation periscope and GIPSY combat system, improved communication systems and adaptations to a number of platform systems.[35] The Dutch industry and knowledge institutes were heavily involved in the program via the Dutch Underwater Knowledge Centre.[36][37][38] It was predicted that the upgrade program would lead to a estimated 400.000 man-hours of work for each boat.[39] All four boats were to be modernized by 2019. With the conservation program, the boats can be kept operational until mid-2025.[40] The cost of upgrading the four submarines was estimated to be 94million euros.[41] The first boat to be upgraded was Zeeleeuw, followed by Dolfijn, Bruinvis and Walrus.[30][42][43] The upgrade of Zeeleeuw took longer than expected. Initially the upgrade was expected to have been completed by 2015, but it took until 2016 before the submarine was ready for service again. Currently,[when?]Bruinvis is being upgraded at the Den Helder naval base.[44] The Royal Netherlands Navy has also begun to prepare for the replacement of the Walrus-class submarines.[45]
In November 2014, the Dutch Minister of Defence announced plans to replace the Walrus-class submarines[46] in 2025. By 2017, there was still no political agreement on the quantity or type of new submarines to be ordered, nor the tasks they were expected to perform. However, it seems certain that they will be replaced, since the alleged Russian threat was regarded an incentive to invest in a new class. The Minister of Defence, however, delayed the replacement by two years, until 2027. Roughly, there are two groups in the Dutch parliament – one in favor of replacing the Walrus class by an equally capable class of large, expeditionary, diesel-electric submarine, and the other in favor of choosing a cheaper solution of smaller diesel-electrics, similar to Swedish and German submarines. It is unknown where the new boats will be built; since the Dutch RDM shipyard (the only Dutch yard capable of building submarines) is no longer in operation. The Defensienota (Defense policy for the coming years) of March2018 revealed that the Dutch government is still planning to replace the Walrus-class submarines,[47] with an allocated budget of more than 2.5billion euros for the new submarines. Additional information on how to proceed with the replacement was expected at the end of 2018, when the Dutch Minister of Defence, Ank Bijleveld, was to send a so-called B-letter to the Dutch parliament.[47][needs update] Minister Bijleveld also underlined in an interview that the new submarines should have the same niche capabilities as the current Walrus-class submarines: the ability to operate and gather intelligence in both shallow water close to the coast and in deep water in the ocean.[48] In mid-2021 it was indicated that a revised plan envisaged taking a replacement decision in 2022 and to have the first vessel in service by 2028, with the first two boats to be in service by 2031.[49] However, in October 2021 it was reported that this timeline was no longer feasible. Instead, the Dutch Ministry of Defence signalled that the envisaged dates would have to be "substantially adjusted", possibly incorporating a life extension refit for the existing Walrus-class boats.[50]
In April 2022 it was announced that two of the Walrus-class boats would be extended in service until the mid-2030s and that in order to do so safely a different maintenance approach would have to be adopted for the entire fleet with one of the four existing boats to be decommissioned in the short-term, followed by a second boat later.[51] On 16 November 2022 it was revealed that Walrus would be the first boat to be decommissioned sometime in 2023.[44]Walrus was decommissioned in October 2023.[52] The revised schedule for the construction of the new replacement boats would likely see the first two vessels entering service in the 2034 to 2037 timeframe.[53]
Contenders
The Ministry of Defence shortlisted three bidders:[54][55]
Damen Group and Saab Group announced that they had partnered from 2015 to jointly develop, offer and build next-generation submarines that are able to replace the current Walrus-class submarines.[56] It was announced on 1June 2018 that their design was to be derived from the A26 submarine.[57][58] The proposed submarine is around 73m (239ft 6in) long with a diameter of 8m (26ft 3in). Furthermore, the displacement will be around 2,900 tonnes, with a complement of 34 to 42 personnel. The boat's armament includes 6torpedo tubes and 1multi-mission lock which can be used to deploy special forces.[57]
Naval Group announced that it was offering its newest submarine class, the Barracuda class, as replacement for the Walrus class. A version of the "Shortfin" diesel-electric variant Barracuda class was to be offered, rather than the nuclear variant used by the French Navy.[59]
Spain's Navantia's S-80 was not accepted as a contender following the B-letter in 2019.[61] In 2022 the Spanish Ministry of Defence sent a letter to the Dutch DMO for Navantia to be allowed to put in an offer following the announcement that a RFQ will be sent to the remaining contenders, in which some of the requirements had changed. It was rumoured that the request was denied by DMO.[62]
On 16 November 2022 the RFQ was sent out to the three remaining shipyards. It was expected they would submit their bids around mid-2023.[44][63] In June 2023 it was reported that the three shipyards had to submit their bids by 28 July 2023 at the latest.[64]
Winning bid
On 15 March 2024 State Secretary for Defence Christophe van der Maat officially announced that Naval Group has been selected as the winning bid.[65][66][67] Prior to this announcement, the winner was already leaked to several media outlets, which caused political backlash for choosing a foreign yard over a Dutch one.[68]
The names of the new submarines where also announced by Van der Maat. The class will be known as the Orka class, with the subs named Orka, Zwaardvis, Barracuda and Tijgerhaai. The first two will be delivered within ten years after the contract has been signed.[65][66][67]
HNLMS Walrus (S802) was a Walrus-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. After a long delay following a serious fire during construction, the submarine entered service in 1992. Walrus was deployed both for naval exercises and in combat operations around the world. She was decommissioned in October 2023.
The Zwaardvis-class submarine ("Swordfish") is a class of conventional attack submarines that were built to strengthen the Royal Netherlands Navy. The Dutch government opted for the choice to not replace the two Zwaardvis-class submarines with either more Walrus-class submarines, or submarines of a new design.
The Dolfijn-class submarines of the Royal Netherlands Navy are a class of four submarines; Dolfijn, Zeehond, Potvis and Tonijn. They were built in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. They were the first indigenous submarines built in the Netherlands and for the Royal Netherlands Navy after World War II. In the Netherlands they are also known as "three cylinder" submarines.
The Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service is a department within the Royal Netherlands Navy that is responsible for the deployment of Dutch submarines. It was established out of the Netherlands Torpedo Service on 21 December 1906, and merged with the Netherlands Mine Service on 15 July 2005.
The O 21 class was a class of seven submarines, built for the Royal Netherlands Navy. The boats were still incomplete at the start of the German invasion of the Netherlands, O 21, O 22, O 23 and O 24 were hastily launched and escaped to the United Kingdom. O 25, O 26 and O 27 were not able to escape and were captured by the German forces. The Kriegsmarine ordered the completion of the boats and they entered German service as UD-3, UD-4 and UD-5. The submarines' diving depth was 100 meters (330 ft).
HNLMS K XVI was one of five K XIV-class submarines built for the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNN). Entering service in 1934, the submarine was deployed to the Netherlands East Indies. On 24 December 1941, K XVI torpedoed and sank the Sagiri; the first Allied submarine to sink a Japanese warship. A day later, the Dutch submarine was torpedoed by the Japanese submarine I-66 off Borneo, with all aboard killed. The wreck of K XVI was rediscovered in October 2011 by a group of recreational divers and has since been illegally salvaged.
O 13 was an O 12-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy that saw service during World War II. She was built by the Koninklijke Maatschappij De Schelde of Vlissingen. She was one of many Dutch ships doing convoy duty during the Spanish Civil War. At the time of the German invasion of the Netherlands, O 13 was on patrol off the Dutch coast and was attacked by German planes on multiple occasions. After fleeing to England, the submarine was lost during a patrol on the North Sea.
O 1 was a Holland 7P patrol submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The ship was built by the De Schelde shipyard in Flushing and was the first submarine in the Dutch navy. It had a diving depth of 25 metres.
The Zwaardvisch class was a class of initially two, and later four, submarines that served between 1943 and 1965 in the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN). They were former T-class submarines. Two were acquired and transferred to the RNLN during the Second World War, while another two were loaned from the Royal Navy post-war for a period of five years.
K I was a unique patrol submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The ship was built by De Schelde shipyard in Flushing. The boat had a diving depth of 40 metres (130 ft).
HNLMS Dolfijn was a Dolfijn-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy.
HNLMS Zwaardvis (S806) was a Zwaardvis-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy.
HNLMS Mercuur (A900) is a submarine support ship of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The ship was built and designed specially to support the Dutch submarines. She entered service on 21 August 1987, and is the only surface vessel attached to the Dutch submarine service.
HNLMS Zeeleeuw (S803) is a Walrus-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She entered service in 1990 as the first submarine of the Walrus class, after the intended lead ship, HNLMS Walrus, was delayed for a long period following a serious fire during construction. Zeeleeuw has been deployed both for naval exercises and in combat operations around the world. Furthermore, the submarine plays an important role by performing intelligence operations. The submarine has undergone a mid-life maintenance and upgrade program between 2014 and 2016, and is currently in active service.
HNLMS Dolfijn (S808) is a Walrus-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She entered service in 1993 as the third submarine of the Walrus class, after HNLMS Walrus and HNLMS Zeeleeuw. Dolfijn has been deployed both for naval exercises and in combat operations around the world. Furthermore, the submarine plays an important role by performing intelligence operations.
HNLMS Bruinvis (S810) is a Walrus-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She entered service in 1994 as the fourth and final submarine of the Walrus class, after HNLMS Walrus, Zeeleeuw and Dolfijn. Bruinvis has been deployed both for naval exercises and in combat operations around the world. As of December 2015 the submarine was in active service.
In April 2018, the Dutch Government approved a multi-year investment program for the Royal Netherlands Navy and allocated funds for the 2018–2030 period. The Dutch Defence Materiel Administration (DMO) is in charge of the procurement of these new ships.
The Orka-class submarine is a future submarine class currently planned for the Royal Netherlands Navy. The submarines will replace the aging Walrus class.
Moray was the name of a proposed new class of submarines developed by the Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij (RDM). While a Moray class submarine was never actually built, the detailed design of the submarine class was fully completed.
The Dutch Underwater Knowledge Centre (DUKC) is a working group and knowledge platform aimed at preserving submarine knowledge within the Dutch industry. It consists of several Dutch companies and knowledge institutes that have experience and knowledge in the field of underwater technology. During the life extension program of the Walrus-class submarines DUKC played an important role.
1 2 Kesseler, Andre (December 2012). "Klaar voor het bruine water"(PDF). Klaar Voor Onderwater (in Dutch). Vol.35, no.122. Den Helder: Onderzeedienst Reünistenvereniging. pp.11–16.
↑ Booy, Arie (September 2012). "Maatwerk in een bakbeest"(PDF). Klaar Voor Onderwater (in Dutch). Vol.35, no.121. Den Helder: Onderzeedienst Reünistenvereniging. pp.9–10.
KVMO, "Nut en noodzaak onderzeeboten: deltaplan voor defensie" Marineblad Maart 2016 nr 2 Jaargang 126.
Boeke, S. (2006), Onzichtbaar maar onmisbaar: De onderzeeboot en zijn proliferatie (in Dutch), MILITAIRE SPECTATOR 175, pp.198–208
de Bles, Harry; Boven, Graddy; Homburg, Leon (2006). Onderzeeboten! (in Dutch). Zaltbommel: Aprilis. ISBN978-90-5994-130-4.
Om de veiligheid van het bestaan: defensiebeleid in de jaren 1974-1983, H. Vredeling, C.L.J. van Lent, A. Stemerdink. Defensienota 1974. Kamerstuknummer 12994 ondernummer 14. ISBN90 12 005361.
van Amstel, W.H.E. (1991). De schepen van de Koninklijke Marine vanaf 1945 (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN90-6013-997-6.
Nooteboom, S.G. (2001). Deugdelijke schepen: marinescheepsbouw 1945-1995 (in Dutch). Zaltbommel: Europese Bibliotheek. ISBN90-288-2637-8.
Horneman, G.D., ed. (2018). Monografie Nederlandse onderzeeboten (in Dutch). Vol.4: Operationele boten. Soesterberg: Aspekt. ISBN978-94-6338-381-3.
van Kesteren, E.E., ed. (December 2020). "De Aanloop Naar IPW". Klaar voor Onderwater: Vereniging voor aktief en oud onderzeedienstpersoneel (in Dutch). Vol.43, no.154. Julianadorp: Onderzeedienst Reünistenvereniging. pp.13–20. ISSN2214-6202.
Further reading
Jalhay, P.C.; Wijn, J.J.A. (1997). Ik nader ongezien! De onderzeeboten van de Koninklijke Marine. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. ISBN978-9067074629.
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Royal Netherlands Navy 
