S-80 Plus-class submarine

Last updated

PXL 20231229 - Isaac Peral en el puerto de Cartagena.jpg
S-80 Plus-class Isaac Peral (S-81)
Class overview
Builders Navantia
OperatorsFlag of Spain.svg  Spanish Navy
Preceded by Scorpène class
Cost
Built2005–2029 (planned)
In commission2023-present
Planned4
Building3
Completed1
Active1
General characteristics
Type Submarine with air-independent propulsion (AIP)
Displacement2,965 t (2,918 long tons) submerged [2]
Length81.05 m (265 ft 11 in)
Beam11.68 m (38 ft 4 in)
Draught7.3 m (23 ft 11 in) [3]
Propulsion
  • 1 shaft Etanol-AIP
  • 3 bio-ethanol engines (3 × 1,200 kW) MTU-16V-396SE-85L
  • 1 electric motor (3,500 kW), 1 AIP fuel cell unit (300 kW)
  • Vulkan couplings RATO-S G-561W. 280 kN·m [4]
Speed
  • 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) surfaced
  • 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) submerged
Range8,000 km (5,000 mi)
Endurance30-55 days in immersion
Test depth460 m (1,510 ft)
Complement32 [5] (plus 8 troops)
Armament6 × 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes with DM2A4 torpedoes and Harpoon missiles UGM-84 Sub-Harpoon block II. [6]
NotesAIP reactor autonomy: 28 days

The S-80 Plus class (or Isaac Peral class) is a Spanish class of four submarines being built by the state-owned [7] Spanish company Navantia at its Cartagena shipyard for the Spanish Navy. In common with other contemporary submarines, they feature air-independent propulsion.

Contents

The class has its roots in the late 1990s, and Spain ordered the submarines into production in 2003. Due to problems with the design, it had to be extensively redesigned in the 2010s, and a Spanish government budget crisis forced additional delays. On November 30, 2023, the first submarine of the class entered service with the Spanish Navy.

They are oceanic submarines of medium tonnage with the capacity to carry out long duration missions in scenarios far from their base, and to do so stealthily. They will have an integrated platform control system that allows operation with a reduced crew complement and a high degree of automation with remote control. The characteristics of this class of ships place them at a level close to those of nuclear propulsion.[ citation needed ]

The lead boat in the class, the Isaac Peral  [ es ], the first unit in the series, was launched by King Felipe VI and his daughter, Princess Leonor, heir to the throne, on 22 April 2021 at the Cartagena shipyards, entered to service in 2023, after originally being targeted for 2011. In 2024, the delivery date for the second vessel had slipped to 2025. [8] The remaining three boats are slated to be delivered in 2026 and 2028. However, the second boat had later been delayed until 2026 with the third and fourth vessels of the class planned for service entry in 2028 and 2029, respectively. [9] The S-80 class has also been offered for export.

History

Submarine Mistral (S-73) of the Agosta-class submarine (S-70). It was in service until 2020. Galerna (S-71) and Tramontana (S-74) are still active. Mistral gran carena.JPG
Submarine Mistral (S-73) of the Agosta-class submarine (S-70). It was in service until 2020. Galerna (S-71) and Tramontana (S-74) are still active.

In the 1980s, France began studies for the replacement of their S-60 Daphné-class diesel submarines. The French shipyard DCNI ( Direction des Constructions Navales International ) came up with an all-new design called S-80, with a teardrop hull and new weapons and sensors, which the French government ultimately decided[ when? ] not to fund. [10] DCNI then proposed a cheaper option called the S-90B, an S-70 Agosta-class submarine with limited improvements, which was rejected by the French but exported to Pakistan. [10] As the Spanish Navy faced the same problem in replacing their Daphnés, known as the Delfín class in Spanish service. As part of Plan ALTAMAR, the firm Bazán (later Izar, and then subsequently, the Spanish state-owned Navantia [7] ) started on a new design. It was later agreed to collaborate in a joint venture[ clarification needed ] based on the French S-80. [10] This joint design was shown at Euronaval  [ fr ] in October 1990. [10]

The end of the Cold War meant that funding dried up and the joint venture had to wait until 1997 for their first sale of the new design to Chile, [11] which was designated the Scorpène class in export markets. The same year Spain started to look again at its requirements, and in 1998 they indicated that they would buy four Scorpènes, [10] optionally with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system for greater endurance when submerged. A staff requirement for the S-80 Scorpène variant was completed in October 2001. [12] This was soon overtaken by events, as the Armada (Spanish Navy) became more interested in using submarines for power projection than static defensive role. [12] This shift was codified in guidance of January 2002 from the Chief of Naval Operations and in a strategic defence review in February 2003. [12] The new requirement called for a larger submarine with better endurance and land-attack missiles, which became known as the S-80A design. This was an AIP submarine with a hull diameter of 7.3 metres (23 ft 11 in), compared to 6.2 metres (20 ft 4 in) for the Scorpène family, a submerged displacement of around 2,990 tonnes versus 1,740 tonnes, larger rudder surfaces and a different fin position. [12]

The Spanish government approved the purchase of four S-80A submarines in September 2003 and signed a contract with Izar on 24 March 2004. [13] The original deal was €1,756M to design and build four submarines, [13] about €439M per boat. However, this had increased to €2,212M [14] by 2010 (€553M per boat). The plan envisaged the first boat to be delivered in 2011 but government dithering over the company supplying the combat system pushed it back to 2013. [12] In 2011, Spain's budget crisis further delayed the first delivery until 2015, with the remaining boats being delivered at one year intervals until 2018. [15] Construction of S-81 began on 13 December 2007. [16] In January 2012 the names were announced, honouring three engineers who made submarines and the first commander of Spain's submarine force respectively - Isaac Peral (S-81), Narciso Monturiol (S-82), [17] Cosme García (S-83) and Mateo García de los Reyes (S-84). [18]

By May 2013, with over US$680 million of the project's US$3 billion budget for the four submarines spent, an overweight issue was discovered and eventually made public. Navantia engineers had miscalculated the weight of the submarines by some 100 t (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of the total 2,000 tonne mass of the submarines, more than enough to sink the submarines if not fixed. [19] As of 2013 Navantia announced the issue would delay the delivery of the first submarine to the Spanish Navy until at least 2017. [20] That date proved to be optimistic. Lengthening the submarine created additional buoyancy. [7] Navantia signed on the US company General Dynamics Electric Boat to help solve the excess weight design issue. [21] In September 2014, the overweight issue was reported to have been resolved in design changes and the construction work to be ready to resume in late October 2014. [22] [ clarification needed ] In November 2014, Navantia again reported having completed the redesign work to address the problem of overweight. In all, the hull would be lengthened by 10 metres (33 ft), and the displacement increased by 100 tons. As of January 2018, the intended delivery date of the first submarine was to be September 2022, [23] but this was not achieved. At the time of the boat's launch in 2021 it was indicated that the plan was for the first boat to start sea trials in 2022 and be delivered in 2023. [24] Isaac Peral started sea trials in mid-2022, [25] and completed its first static dive in March 2023. [26]

In January 2017, it was reported that the air-independent propulsion system would not be ready in time for the delivery of the first submarine. [27] In November 2018 Abengoa and Tecnicas Reunidas companies stated that the test for a new-type AIP engine of the submarine were successful. [28] The Indian Navy considered the S-80 for its next generation of submarines under Project-75 class- submarine. [29] On November 30, 2023, the first unit of the class, the S-81, entered service with the Spanish Navy. [30]

Combat systems

The Integrated Combat System Core (ICSC) is called VC 9.0 SCA. [31] The ICSC provides set of weapons and sensors of the combat system with an optimal management of the command and control center, allowing to acquire, evaluate and present all the necessary information for the offensive, defensive or intelligence gathering actions at each moment. The ship is fitted with active and passive sonars with accurate electromagnetic detection systems. The submarine can communicate via Link-11 and Link-22 data links. [31]

Propulsion

The S-80's air-independent propulsion (AIP) system is based on a bioethanol-processor consisting of a reaction chamber and several intermediate Coprox reactors. Provided by Hynergreen from Abengoa, the system transforms the bioethanol (BioEtOH) into high purity hydrogen. The output feeds a series of fuel cells from UTC Power company.[ citation needed ]

The reformator is fed with bioethanol as fuel and oxygen (stored as a liquid in a high pressure cryogenic tank), generating hydrogen and carbon dioxide as subproducts. The produced hydrogen and more oxygen is fed to the fuel cells.[ citation needed ]

The bioethanol-processor also produces a stream of highly concentrated carbon dioxide and other trace gases that are not burned completely during combustion. This gas flow is mixed with sea water in one or more ejector venturi scrubber and then through a new system, SECO2 (or CO2 Removal System), developed by Bionet, and whose purpose is to dissolve the "bubbles" of CO2 in water to undetectable levels. [32]

The oxygen and fuel flow rates are directly determined by the demand for power. The AIP power in the S-80 submarine is at least 300 kW (400 hp). [32] A permanent-magnet electric motor moves a fixed propeller of a special design, that doesn't create cavitations at high speed.[ citation needed ]

As operation of the engine can produce noise that resonates through the boat, the engines are mounted on flexible RATO-S G-561W couplings from Vulkan. [33]

In December 2020, the Spanish Ministry of Defence announced the development of a Spanish fuel cell due to the high cost of the current SPC and to avoid the dependence on a foreign manufacturer. The program has a 6-year horizon to develop a 300 kW prototype. [34]

Capabilities

S-80 Plus-class submarines are designed to improve threat scenario missions. Their operational mobility will allow them to operate in remote areas, traveling discreetly at high speeds. Their air-independent propulsion (AIP) system, of new technological design, will ensure their ability to remain in an area for a very long period of time without being detected and their ability to operate in possible conflict zones. [35]

Capabilities include:

Units

Italics indicate estimated dates

Pennant no.Name [36] Laid downLaunchedDeliveredCommissionedNotes
S-81 Isaac Peral  [ es ]20057 May 2021 [24] 2023 [26] 30 November 2023Operational [37] [38] [39]
S-82 Narciso Monturiol  [ es ]2007Expected 2026 [9] ' [8]
S-83 Cosme García  [ es ]2009Expected 2028 [9] [26]
S-84 Mateo García de los Reyes  [ es ]2010Expected 2029 [9] [26]

International bids

Potential operators

Flag of India.svg  India (6)
Larsen & Toubro and Navantia signed a Teaming Agreement (TA) for the purpose of submission of a techno-commercial bid for the Project-75 (India) submarine acquisition project. [40] [41] Spain has said that its submarine, in contention for a Rs 43,000 crore procurement order by the Indian Navy, has been declared technically compliant and will be ready for trials in a few months. [42]
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines
Navantia has confirmed to the press that it has pitched an offer to sell submarines and build a submarine base and training center for the Philippine Navy. [43] [44] The submarine base specifically points to a location in Ormoc, Leyte. [45]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland (3)
The Polish Navy is planning to purchase 3 attack submarines as part of its Orka programme. The mentioned competitors include the A26 Blekinge, [46] [47] the KSS-III, [48] the Scorpene SSK, the Type 212CD [49] and the S-80. [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
Spain's Navantia has allegedly granted a license for the design of its S-80 Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) submarines to Turkey. [56]

Failed bids

Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
The S-80 design was not accepted as a contender for the Walrus-class replacement program following an initial assessment & selection (B-letter) in 2019. [57] In 2022 the Spanish Ministry of Defence sent a letter to the Dutch Defensie Materieel Organisatie  [ nl ] for Navantia to be allowed to put in an offer following a RFQ sent to the remaining contenders, in which some of the requirements had changed. It is rumoured that the request was denied by DMO. [58]

See also

Related Research Articles

Type 212A submarine Class of diesel-electric Submarine

The Type 212A is a class of diesel-electric attack submarine developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) for the German Navy, and the Italian Navy where it is known as the Todaro class. It features diesel propulsion and an additional air-independent propulsion (AIP) system using Siemens proton-exchange membrane (PEM) compressed hydrogen fuel cells. The submarines can operate at high speed on diesel power or switch to the AIP system for silent slow cruising, staying submerged for up to three weeks with little exhaust heat. The system is also said to be vibration-free and virtually undetectable.

Navantia is a Spanish state-owned shipbuilding dedicated to civil and military naval construction, the design of deep-tech systems and the manufacture of structures for the renewable energy sector, such as offshore wind or hydrogen.

Air-independent propulsion (AIP), or air-independent power, is any marine propulsion technology that allows a non-nuclear submarine to operate without access to atmospheric oxygen. AIP can augment or replace the diesel-electric propulsion system of non-nuclear vessels.

Type 214 submarine Submarine class

The Type 214 is a class of diesel–electric submarines developed exclusively for export by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbH (HDW). It features diesel propulsion with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system using Siemens polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells. The class combines the design principles of the Type 209 submarine family and the features of the Type 212A submarine. However, as an export design, it lacks some of the classified technologies of the Type 212 such as the non-magnetic steel hull that makes it difficult to detect using a magnetic anomaly detector.

Scorpène-class submarine Class of submarine

The Scorpène-class submarines are a class of diesel-electric attack submarines jointly developed by the French Naval Group and the Spanish company Navantia. It features diesel propulsion and an additional air-independent propulsion (AIP). It is now marketed as the Scorpène 2000.

<i>Sōryū</i>-class submarine JMSDF submarine

The Sōryū-class submarines (16SS) are diesel-electric attack submarines. The first boat in the class entered service with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force in 2009. The design is an evolution of the Oyashio-class submarine, from which it can most easily be distinguished by its X-shaped stern combination diving planes and rudders. The Sōryūs have the largest displacement of any submarine used by post-war Japan.

The Marlin-class submarines are a proposed class of diesel-electric attack submarines. The design features diesel propulsion and an additional air-independent propulsion (AIP), developed solely by the French company DCNS, formerly DCN, after the Spanish company Navantia, its partner in the Scorpène design, went with Lockheed Martin to build the competing S-80-class submarine, which was selected by the Spanish Navy to form its next-generation submarine force, at the expense of the Scorpène.

<i>Kalvari</i>-class submarine (2015) Class of submarines based on the Scorpène-class submarine

The Kalvari-class submarines, formally classified as the Project-75 submarines (P-75), is a class of diesel-electric attack submarines operated by the Indian Navy. Currently being constructed by a syndicate of French and Indian shipyards, namely, Naval Group and Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) respectively, the class is an export derivative of the French-origin Scorpène-class submarine, originally designed by Naval Group.

Spanish submarine <i>Tramontana</i>

Tramontana (S-74) was an Agosta-class submarine built for the Spanish Navy by Bazán at Cartagena, Spain. She served from 1985 to February 2024, when she was decommissioned.

<i>Meteoro</i>-class offshore patrol vessel Spanish naval ship class

The Meteoro-class offshore patrol vessel, also known as Buque de Acción Marítima (BAM), are modular offshore patrol vessels of the Spanish Navy adapted to different purposes from a common base, manufactured by Navantia. The BAMs combine high performance with mission versatility, a high commonality with other ships operated by the Spanish Navy. Acquisition and lifecycle costs are reduced.

The Type 216 is a submarine design concept announced by the German shipbuilding company Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft based on the Type 212/214.

ARA <i>Salta</i> (S-31)

ARA Salta (S-31) is a Type 209 diesel-electric attack submarine in service with the Argentine Navy. The vessel was reported as incapable of navigation as of 2020. However, Argentine navy divers were reported to be using her as a training platform at dockside.

Project-75 (India) submarine acquisition project Planned class of submarines.

Project-75 (India), simply referred to as the P-75(I) program, is a military acquisition initiative affiliated to India's Ministry of Defence (MoD), aimed at the planned procurement of diesel-electric submarines for the Indian Navy (IN). Originally conceived in 1997, the initiative's objective has been to procure a class of six conventionally-powered attack submarines for the Indian Navy Submarine Arm, as a replacement for the force's Sindhughosh-class submarines.

Spanish submarine <i>Delfín</i> (S61) Submarine in the Spanish Navy

Delfín is a diesel-electric submarine of the Daphné class that was used by the Spanish Navy between 1973 and 2003. During the submarine's 30 years of service, the vessel participated in various national and international exercises and maneuvers, made more than 2,500 voyages, more than 30,000 hours of immersion and served in this submarine more than a thousand sailors. At the time of her retirement, she was the longest-serving submarine in the history of the Spanish Submarine Fleet.

<i>Taigei</i>-class submarine Japanese attack submarine class

The Taigei-class submarines (29SS) (Japanese: たいげい, "Big Whale") is a new class of attack submarines after 2022, developed for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. It is the successor to the Sōryū class.

KD <i>Tun Abdul Razak</i> Scorpène-class submarine

KD Tun Abdul Razak is a Scorpène-class submarine of Royal Malaysian Navy.

The Type 212CD class is a submarine class developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) for the Norwegian and German navies. The class is derived from the Type 212 submarine class, but will be significantly larger than the 212 class.

<i>Riachuelo</i>-class submarine Brazilian class of submarines

The Riachuelo class are a Brazilian class of diesel-electric and nuclear-powered attack submarines developed by the state-owned shipyard Itaguaí Construções Navais, based on the French Scorpène-class as part of the Submarine Development Program.

References

This article incorporates material from Spanish Wikipedia

  1. ↑ "Submarinos (VI): el S-80 tendrá capacidad para atacar con misiles objetivos en tierra". Por Tierra, Mar y Aire (in European Spanish). 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  2. ↑ Carrasco, Benjamín (22 April 2021). "Así es el S-80, el primer submarino 100% español, solo comparable a una nave espacial". La Razón. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  3. ↑ Fatima Bahtić (28 November 2024). "Navantia wraps up installation of AIP system on Spanish S-80 submarine". Naval Today.
  4. ↑ "Submarinos Clase S-80 de Navantia". Buques y equipos. No. 14/2021. p. 91. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  5. ↑ Peter Felstead (26 November 2024). "First AIP installation in an S-80-class submarine is complete, says Navantia". European Security & Defence.
  6. ↑ H I Sutton (28 March 2022). "Spain's S-80P Isaac Peral Class AIP Submarine". Covert Shores.
  7. 1 2 3 Govan, Fiona (22 May 2013). "£2 billion Spanish navy submarine will sink to bottom of sea". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  8. 1 2 de la Ceuesta, Pilar (22 April 2024). "Retraso en la entrega del submarino S-82 a la Armada, que no lo tendrá en 2024". ABC Spain (in Spanish).
  9. 1 2 3 4 de Santos, Angel Luis (23 July 2024). "Problemas para la Armada: la entrega del submarino S-82 se retrasa hasta 2026 y el S-83 y S-84 no llegarán hasta 2028 y 2029". La Razon (in Spanish).
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Market for Submarines Product Code #F673" (PDF). Forecast International. August 2010. pp. 5–8.
  11. ↑ "SS-23 "O´Higgins"" (in Spanish). Armada de Chile. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Scott, Richard (23 November 2007). "Spains S-80A submarine comes up to the surface". Jane's Navy International. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Alt URL
  13. 1 2 González, Miguel (2 April 2004). "Defensa firma contratos de armamento por más de 4.000 millones después de las elecciones". El Pais (in Spanish). Madrid. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  14. ↑ Ministerio de Defensa (September 2011). "Evaluación de los Programas Especiales de Armamento (PEAs)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Madrid: Grupo Atenea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  15. ↑ Ing, David (7 November 2011). "Spain's S 80A submarines delayed by funding cuts". Jane's Defence Security Report.
  16. ↑ López, Antonio (14 December 2007). "Así se ensambla un submarino S-80". La Verdad (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2013.
  17. ↑ Villarejo, Esteban (16 February 2012). "El cuarto nuevo submarino rendirá honor a García de los Reyes, militar y exministro de Marina fusilado en Paracuellos" (in Spanish). ABC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  18. ↑ Mármol, G. (31 January 2012). "Los S-80 llevarán nombres clásicos". La Verdad (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  19. ↑ Ferdman, Roberto A. (23 May 2013). "Spain just spent $680 million on a submarine that can't swim". Quartz . Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  20. ↑ "Navantia retrasa hasta dos años la entrega del primer submarino S-80 por problemas técnicos" (in Spanish). Europa Press news agency. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  21. ↑ Kington, Tom. "Navantia Gets US Help To Fix Overweight Sub". defensenews.com. Defense News (Gannett). Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  22. ↑ López, Antonio (23 September 2014). "Navantia corrige el proyecto del S-80 y espera la orden para retomar la obra". La Verdad (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  23. ↑ Villarejo, Esteban (2 January 2018). "Submarinos (III): Defensa prevé invertir 1.500 millones adicionales para el nuevo S-80" (in Spanish). ABC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2018. El calendario de entregas de los cuatro nuevos submarinos de la clase S-80 se estima ahora en: septiembre de 2022, mayo de 2024, marzo de 2026 y julio de 2027.
  24. 1 2 Vavasseur, Xavier (10 May 2021). "Navantia's new submarine S-81 'Isaac Peral' now in the water for pierside trials". Naval News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  25. ↑ "Spanish Navy's Isaac Peral submarine starts see trials". Navy Recognition. 1 June 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Tringham, Kate (31 March 2023). "First Spanish S-80 Plus submarine completes first static dive". Janes. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  27. ↑ "Spain's first S 80 submarine to lack AIP | IHS Jane's 360". Archived from the original on 27 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  28. ↑ Carrasco, Benjamin (11 October 2018). "Técnicas Reunidas y Abengoa completan con éxito sus sistemas AIP para el S-80". Infodefensa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  29. ↑ "India, Spain ink agreement on defence cooperation". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 October 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  30. ↑ Tringham, Kate (4 December 2013). "Spanish Navy commissions first S-80 Plus-class submarine". Janes. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  31. 1 2 GDC (11 August 2021). "Navantia Starts Combat Systems Trial of Spanish S-81 Submarine "Isaac Peral"". Global Defense Corp. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  32. 1 2 "Armada Española". armada.mde.es. Ministry of Defence, Government of Spain. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  33. ↑ B&E. "B&E Buques y Equipos de la Marina Civil - Portada". www.buquesyequipos.es. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  34. ↑ Infodefensa.com, Revista Defensa (22 December 2020). "Defensa encarga un primer prototipo de la futura pila de combustible del S-80 - Noticias Infodefensa España". Infodefensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  35. ↑ "Armada Española". armada.mde.es. Ministry of Defence, Government of Spain. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  36. ↑ "Defensa asigna los nombres de los cuatro 'padres' del submarino para los S-80 que construye Navantia". murciaeconomía.com. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  37. ↑ La Armada ya tiene el S-81 de Navantia, su primer submarino desde 1985 Infodefensa (30/11/2023)
  38. ↑ La Armada española recibe el submarino S-81 ‘Isaac Peral’ Defensa.com (30 de noviembre de 2023)
  39. ↑ La Armada española recibe el submarino S-81 ‘Isaac Peral’. Galaxia Militar (30 noviembre, 2023)
  40. ↑ Vavasseur, Xavier (16 March 2020). "Navantia Pitching S80 Plus Submarine for India's P-75I during UDS 2020". Naval News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  41. ↑ "Analysis Project 75 India submarine acquisition: Type 214 vs. S-80 Plus". Navy Recognition. 18 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  42. ↑ "P 75I submarine: Trials for submarines to start in a few months, want to work together on ammo: Spain - The Economic Times". Economic Times. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  43. ↑ "Navantia offers two S-80 Plus class submarines to Philippine Navy". Navy Recognition. 29 August 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  44. ↑ "Philippines receives offer for new S80 Isaac Peral-class submarine from Spain's Navantia". Asia Pacific Defense Journal. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  45. ↑ "Navantia and their Submarine Offer to the Philippine Navy". Pitz Defense Analysis. 24 September 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  46. ↑ "Okręt podwodny A26 nadal w programie „Orka"". defence24.pl (in Polish). 19 October 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  47. ↑ "Another Saab Seminar on Submarines: Poland in the Background". defence24.com (in Polish). 7 September 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  48. ↑ "Hanwha Ocean offers KSS-III submarine and industry cooperation to Poland". 30 May 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  49. ↑ Thomas, Richard (1 December 2023). "Hanwha to offer KSS III submarines for Poland's restarted Orka programme". Naval Technology. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  50. ↑ "Polish "Orka" Submarine Procurement Gains Weight (and Bids)". defence24.com (in Polish). 8 August 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  51. ↑ "Polish "Orka" Submarine Procurement Gains Weight (and Bids)". defence24.com (in Polish). 8 August 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  52. ↑ "Poland decides to restart ORKA submarine acquisition program". Navy Naval News Navy Recognition. 18 July 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  53. ↑ Grotnik, Tomasz (1 June 2023). "Orka reactivation - Which submarines for Poland?". Naval News. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  54. ↑ Adamowski, Jaroslaw (12 September 2023). "Asian, European players compete for Polish submarine order". Defense News.
  55. ↑ https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/poland-launch-submarine-purchase-programme-soon-minister-2023-05-24/ [ bare URL ]
  56. ↑ "x.com".
  57. ↑ "Navantia woest: redenen voor uitschakeling "slaan nergens op"" (in Dutch). Marineschepen. 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  58. ↑ "Spanje heeft om terugkeer in race Nederlandse onderzeeboten gevraagd" (in Dutch). Marineschepen. 17 October 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.