USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Last updated

USS Albacore (AGSS-569) underway off Newport, Rhode Island (USA), 11 March 1957 (80-G-K-22262).jpg
USS Albacore off the coast of Rhode Island
History
Flag of the United States.svgUnited States
NameAlbacore
Namesake Albacore
Ordered24 November 1950
Builder Portsmouth Naval Shipyard of Kittery, Maine
Laid down15 March 1952
Launched1 August 1953
Sponsored byMrs. J. E. Jowers, the widow of Chief Motor Machinist's Mate Arthur L. Stanton, lost with the second Albacore (SS-218)
Commissioned6 December 1953
Decommissioned9 December 1972
Stricken1 May 1980
Motto
  • Praenuntius Futuri
  • ("Forerunner of the Future")
StatusDonated as a museum and memorial in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Badge Uss albacore patch.jpg
General characteristics - Final Phase 4 Configuration
Displacement1606.62 tons surface [1] 1823.51 tons submerged [1]
Length205 ft 4.75 in (62.6047 m) [1] Length between perpendiculars 200 ft 0 in (60.96 m) [1]
Beam27 ft 3.75 in (8.3249 m) [1]
DraftForward 19 ft 1 in (5.82 m) [1] Aft 22 ft 3 in (6.78 m) [1]
PropulsionTwo 7,500 shp, counter-rotating electric motors, Two 1,000 bhp/817 kW diesel/electric generators [1]
Speed
  • Surfaced: 25 knots
  • Submerged: 33 knots [2]
RangeVaried with configuration
Complement5 officers, 49 men
ArmamentNone [3]

USS Albacore (AGSS-569) is a unique research submarine that pioneered the American version of the teardrop hull form (sometimes referred to as an "Albacore hull") of modern submarines. The revolutionary design was derived from extensive hydrodynamic and wind tunnel testing, with an emphasis on underwater speed and maneuverability. [4] She was the third vessel of the United States Navy to be named for the albacore.

Contents

Her keel was laid down on 15 March 1952 by the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard of Kittery, Maine. [5] She was launched on 1 August 1953, sponsored by Mrs. J. E. Jowers, the widow of Chief Motor Machinist's Mate Arthur L. Stanton, lost with the second Albacore (SS-218), [6] [7] and commissioned on 6 December 1953 with Lieutenant Commander Kenneth C. Gummerson in command. [8] [9]

The effectiveness of submarines in World War II convinced both the Soviet Navy and the United States Navy that undersea warfare would play an even more important role in coming conflicts and dictated development of superior submarines. The advent of nuclear power nourished the hope that such warships could be produced. The effort to achieve this goal involved the development of a nuclear propulsion system and the design of a streamlined submarine hull capable of optimum submerged performance.

Development

Late in World War II, committees on both sides of the Iron Curtain studied postwar uses of atomic energy and recommended the development of nuclear propulsion for ships. Since nuclear power plants would operate without the oxygen supply needed by conventional machinery, and since techniques were available for oxygen generation and carbon dioxide removal, submarine designers turned their attention to vessels which could operate for long periods without surfacing. Veteran submariners visualized a new type of submarine in which surface performance characteristics would be completely subordinated to high submerged speed and agility. In 1949 a special committee began a series of hydrodynamic studies which led to a program within the US Bureau of Ships to determine what hull form would be best for submerged operation. The David Taylor Model Basin in Maryland tested a series of designs. The best two—one with a single propeller and the other with dual screws—were then tested in a wind tunnel at Langley Air Force Base in Virginia. [10] [11] To avoid interference from the various departments of the Navy, Admiral Momsen proposed to build a submarine as a practice target for aircraft carriers to practice Anti-submarine Warfare against, and directed the Bureau of Ships to design an unarmed sub for speed. [12] [13] [14] The single-screw version was adopted, and construction of an experimental submarine to this design was authorized on 25 November 1950. The hull of the Albacore utilized HY-80 high-strength steel [3] with a yield strength of 80,000 psi (550 MPa), although this was not initially used to increase the diving depth relative to other US submarines. HY-80 remained the standard submarine steel through the Los Angeles class. [15] Other components were made from high-tensile steel (HTS). [3] This ship was classified as an auxiliary submarine (AGSS-569) and named Albacore. In this instance, AGSS stands for Auxiliary General Submersible Submarine which for the U.S. Navy meant the first hull of its kind for the fleet. [16]

Evaluations

Launching at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, August 1953 USS Albacore (AGSS-569), launching 1953.jpg
Launching at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, August 1953

Following preliminary acceptance trials, the new submarine departed Portsmouth on 8 April 1954 for shakedown training. She began the first cycle of a career in which she experimented extensively with a given configuration and then returned to Portsmouth for extensive modifications to evaluate different design concepts, to help the Navy develop better hull configurations for future submarines. On this initial cruise, she operated out of New London, Connecticut, before sailing for Key West, Florida, to conduct operations out of that port and in Cuban waters. She returned to Portsmouth on 3 July for more than a year of trials in cooperation with the David Taylor Model Basin. Throughout these operations, she underwent repairs and modification to eliminate technical problems. It was found during these early sea trials Albacore could operate at the same maximum speed as the older modernized Guppy-type submarines with half the shaft horsepower. [17]

The submarine departed Portsmouth on 12 October 1955 and sailed via Block Island for Key West, where she arrived on 19 October 1955 to commence antisubmarine warfare evaluation and to provide target services to the Operational Development Force's Surface Antisubmarine Development Detachment. On 4 November 1955, Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations, embarked on Albacore for a brief demonstration cruise. Lord Mountbatten accompanied Admiral Burke on the cruise. [18] [19] On 19 November 1955, Albacore sailed for a rendezvous point off the Bahamas where she conducted special operations until 24 November 1955 and then returned to Portsmouth.

From December 1955 to March 1956, Albacore underwent stern renewal. Until this time, her propeller had been surrounded by the rudder and stern plane control surfaces. With her "new look", she resembled a blimp, [20] with her propeller aft of all control surfaces.

Operation with her new stern configuration started in April 1956, [21] and continued until late in the year. In May, Albacore visited New York City and participated in the television production Wide, Wide World, during which she submerged, with an underwater camera mounted on her forecastle, [22] the first live telecast of a submarine while diving.

More tests

Tests using a model of the Albacore, March 1956 Albacore model.jpg
Tests using a model of the Albacore, March 1956

In November 1956, Albacore reentered the shipyard for engine conversion. She departed New London on 11 March 1957, for operations out of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The submarine returned to Boston, Massachusetts, on 2 April 1957 and operated locally out of Boston and Portsmouth until entering the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard early in 1958 for an overhaul which lasted until June.

The ensuing tests emphasized sound reduction and included extensive evaluation of Aqua-Plas, a sound-damping elastic which had been applied to the ship's superstructure and tank interiors. In October 1958, her bow planes were removed to further reduce noise. [23] The submarine ended the year with a fortnight's run to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and back to serve as a target ship for Canadian warships.

In 1959, a newly designed 14-foot propeller was installed and tested. [23] Albacore sailed south late in May and, after operating in the British West Indies for two weeks, proceeded to Key West to serve as a target for the Surface Antisubmarine Development Detachment. After returning north, she spent much of the remainder of 1959 and most of 1960 undergoing widely varied tests for the David Taylor Model Basin. One of the more unusual tests consisted of evaluating a concave bow sonar dome. [24] [ clarification needed ]

Subsequent post-1959 design went into the Barbel-class submarine design, of which three boats were produced. These three submarines looked generally the same as Albacore, although longer. Only one survives today, the USS Blueback (SS-581).

Reconfigurations

USS Albacore's final tail with contra-rotating propellers USS Albacore (2018) 05.jpg
USS Albacore's final tail with contra-rotating propellers

On 21 November 1960, the ship entered Portsmouth for a major overhaul and conversion in which she received: a new, experimental, X-shaped tail for increased control; 10 dive brakes around her hull, a new bow which included modified forward ballast tanks, new sonar systems, and a large auxiliary rudder in the after part of her sail. [23] Following the completion of this work in August 1961, she operated along the east coast learning the effect of her new configuration and equipment upon her capabilities and performance.

In 1962, she received a newly developed DIMUS sonar system and, on 7 December 1962, work began on her fourth major conversion which included the installation of concentric contra-rotating propellers, a high-capacity silver-zinc battery and a larger main motor. [23] New radio equipment, BQS-4 and BQR-2 sonars, an emergency recovery system, and a new main ballast tank blow system were also added. After work was completed in March 1965, Albacore prepared for deployment to Florida waters to study the results of her changes. This was the second time that she achieved a world record speed for submarine travel, submerged. She returned to Portsmouth on 8 October 1965 and continued to evaluate her capabilities under the new configuration. On 1 August 1966, she reentered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard to replace the silver-zinc battery and to shorten the distance between the contra-rotating propellers — work which lasted into August 1967.

Standardization and machinery tests in the Gulf of Maine during September were followed by evaluation of towed sonar arrays off Port Everglades, Florida, in October and November, followed by acoustics trials in the Tongue of the Ocean, a deep channel in the Central Bahama Islands.

On 1 January 1968, the submarine returned to Portsmouth for a modification of her propulsion system which kept her in the navy yard until 19 April. Following a month of trials in the Gulf of Maine, she headed south for evaluation of her new MONOB I and AUTEC systems and of Fly-Around-Body (FAB) Phase I equipment in the Tongue of the Ocean. She returned to Portsmouth on 24 August 1968 for AUTEC de-instrumentation and installation of FAB Phase II equipment. Following evaluation of this new gear in the Gulf of Maine, the Albacore returned to Portsmouth on 30 September and entered reduced operating status pending the results of further studies on the feasibility of using her thereafter for further research.

The sub remained mostly inactive until 2 February 1970, when she began an overhaul in drydock and modifications to prepare her for Project SURPASS, researching the use of polymer mixed with fresh water to reduce drag, [23] [25] sponsored by the Naval Ship Research and Development Center at Carderock, Maryland. The ship left drydock on 16 April 1971, commenced sea trials on 22 July 1971, and completed them in August 1971. Early in October, she operated off Provincetown, Massachusetts, to calibrate her sonar and radar equipment.

Decommissioning

USS Albacore (Submarine)
USS Albacore (2018) 01.jpg
USS Albacore on display in April 2018
USA New Hampshire location map.svg
Red pog.svg
LocationPortsmouth, New Hampshire
Built1953
ArchitectPortsmouth Naval Shipyard
NRHP reference No. 89001077
Significant dates
Added to NRHP11 April 1989 [26]
Designated NHL11 April 1989 [27]

After frequent diesel engine failures had caused repeated delays in her operations, her deployment in support of Project SURPASS was canceled, and preparations for her deactivation were begun. She used the General Motors EMD 16-338 lightweight, compact, high-speed "pancake" engine. These had also been used on the Tang-class submarine, but were replaced on them due to problems, and their "pancake" engines were used as spare parts (the engines were not replaced on Albacore due to space constraints). The unreliability of the engines and lack of spares led to the decommissioning of Albacore as further cannibalized parts became unavailable. [28] [29]

A dockside retirement ceremony was held at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard on 1 September 1972, attended by Rear Adm. J. Edward Snyder, [30] [31] who delivered comments on behalf of Robert A. Frosch, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development, referring to Albacore as "the submarine that gave its body to science." [32] Albacore was decommissioned on 9 December 1972 and laid up at the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility in the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. [33] Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 May 1980.

Phases

Operational history of the Albacore consisted of five phases (and an unrealized sixth phase): [34]

Legacy

A non-profit group, the Portsmouth Submarine Memorial Association, was formed to bring the Albacore back to Portsmouth and place her on permanent display, designed to be on dry land so the entire submarine would be visible. The Albacore was towed back to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in April 1984, by an Army Reserve tugboat in a journey of 575 miles (925 km) that took 70 hours. [35]

In May 1985, she was moved across Portsmouth Harbor towards a permanent display site. [35] The move was difficult, as a railway trestle had to be removed and a temporary cut, large enough to float her through, had to be made across a four-lane road. [35] During the move, the Albacore struck bottom three times, [36] followed by a catastrophic derailment of the temporary marine railway that had been constructed to bring her out of the water. [35] The Albacore was left grounded in mud, short of her final resting place. [35] Months later, a temporary cofferdam was constructed, she was re-floated, and on 3 October 1985, she was successfully placed in her permanent display cradle. [35] After significant volunteer work to prepare her for display, the Albacore opened to the public on 30 August 1986. [35] [37]

Albacore's service as an active experimental submersible for more than two decades steadily increased the Navy's knowledge of both theoretical and applied hydrodynamics which it used in designing faster, quieter, more maneuverable and safer submarines. The Navy's effort to build hulls capable of optimum operation while submerged was wedded to its nuclear propulsion program in the submarine Skipjack which was laid down in the spring of 1956, and these two concepts have complemented each other in the design of all of the Navy's subsequent submarines.

Albacore is located at Albacore Park, 600 Market Street, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, [38] and is open to the public. She is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark on 11 April 1989. [27] [39] In 2005, the United States Submarine Veterans of World War II inducted the Albacore into the Submarine Hall of Fame. [40] In 2016, the basin area around the submarine at Albacore Park was completely reconstructed. [41]

Exterior views

Interior views

See also

Other US Navy research submarines:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portsmouth Naval Shipyard</span> United States Navy shipyard in Maine

The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, often called the Portsmouth Navy Yard, is a United States Navy shipyard on Seavey's Island in Kittery, Maine, bordering Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The naval yard lies along the southern boundary of Maine on the Piscataqua River.

USS <i>Seawolf</i> (SSN-575) US Navy nuclear attack submarine

USS Seawolf (SSN-575) was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the seawolf, the second nuclear submarine, and the only US submarine built with a liquid metal cooled (sodium), beryllium-moderated nuclear reactor, the S2G. Her overall design was a variant of Nautilus, but with numerous detail changes, such as a conning tower, stepped sail, and the BQR-4 passive sonar mounted in the top portion of the bow instead of further below. This sonar arrangement resulted in an unusual bow shape above the water for a U.S. submarine. Originally laid down in 1953, her distinctive reactor was later replaced with a standard pressurized water reactor, the replacement process lasting from 12 December 1958 to 30 September 1960.

USS <i>Dolphin</i> (AGSS-555) Submarine of the United States

USS Dolphin (AGSS-555) was a United States Navy diesel-electric deep-diving research and development submarine. She was commissioned in 1968 and decommissioned in 2007. Her 38-year career was the longest in history for a US Navy submarine to that point. She was the Navy's last operational conventionally powered submarine.

USS <i>New Hampshire</i> (1864) New Hampshire named ship

USS New Hampshire was a 2,633-ton ship originally designed to be the 74-gun ship of the line Alabama, but after being laid down in June 1819, she remained on the stocks for nearly 40 years, well into the age of steam. Renamed as New Hampshire, she was launched as a storeship and depot ship for use during the American Civil War. She was later renamed as Granite State. The ship burned and sank in the Hudson River in May 1921, and after being refloated, again caught fire and sank under tow near Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, in July 1922.

USS <i>Memphis</i> (SSN-691) Los Angeles-class nuclear-powered attack submarine of the US Navy

USS Memphis (SSN-691), a Los Angeles-class submarine, was the sixth ship of the United States Navy to be named for Memphis, Tennessee. The contract to build her was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia on 4 February 1971 and her keel was laid down on 23 June 1973. She was launched on 3 April 1976 sponsored by Mrs. Cathy Beard, wife of Congressman Robin L. Beard, Jr., and commissioned on 17 December 1977, with Commander G. Dennis Hicks in command.

USS <i>Sand Lance</i> (SSN-660) Submarine of the United States

USS Sand Lance (SSN-660), a Sturgeon-class attack submarine, was the second ship and the second submarine of the United States Navy to be named for the sand lance, a member of the family Ammodytidae.

USS <i>Nautilus</i> (SSN-571) First nuclear-powered submarine of the US Navy, in service from 1954 to 1980

USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and on 3 August 1958 became the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole. Her initial commanding officer was Eugene "Dennis" Wilkinson, a widely respected naval officer who set the stage for many of the protocols of today's Nuclear Navy of the US, and who had a storied career during military service and afterwards.

USS <i>Sailfish</i> (SSR-572) Submarine of the United States

USS Sailfish (SSR/SS/AGSS-572), the lead ship of her class of submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the sailfish, a large gamefish inhabiting tropical seas, related to the swordfish, but possessing scales and a large sail-like dorsal fin.

USS <i>Salmon</i> (SSR-573) Navy to be named for the salmon

USS Salmon (SSR/SS/AGSS-573), a Sailfish-class submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the salmon.

USS <i>Sailfish</i> (SS-192) Sargo-class submarine of the US Navy

USS Sailfish (SS-192), was a US Sargo-class submarine, originally named Squalus. As Squalus, the submarine sank off the coast of New Hampshire during test dives on 23 May 1939. The sinking drowned 26 crew members, but an ensuing rescue operation, using the McCann Rescue Chamber for the first time, saved the lives of the remaining 33 aboard. Squalus was salvaged in late 1939 and recommissioned as Sailfish in May 1940.

USS <i>Tang</i> (SS-563) American submarine

USS Tang (SS/AGSS-563), the lead ship of her class, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tang.

USS <i>Albacore</i> (SS-218) Gato-class submarine from World War II

USS Albacore (SS-218) was a Gato-class submarine which served in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II, winning the Presidential Unit Citation and nine battle stars for her service. During the war, she was credited with sinking 13 Japanese ships and damaging another five; not all of these credits were confirmed by postwar Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC) accounting. She also holds the distinction of sinking the highest warship tonnage of any U.S. submarine. She was lost in 1944, probably sunk by a mine off northern Hokkaidō on 7 November.

USS <i>Gudgeon</i> (SS-567) Submarine of the United States

USS Gudgeon (SS/AGSS/SSAG-567), a Tang-class submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the gudgeon, a species of small fresh-water minnow.

USS <i>Conger</i> Submarine of the United States

USS Conger (SS/AGSS-477), a Tench-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the conger, an eel found in warm seas at moderate depths, common to both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean.

USS <i>Skipjack</i> (SSN-585) Submarine of the United States

USS Skipjack (SSN-585), the lead ship of her class of nuclear-powered attack submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named after the skipjack tuna.

USS <i>Medregal</i> Submarine of the United States

USS Medregal (SS-480/AGSS-480), a Tench-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the medregal, a streamlined, fast-swimming, bluish-colored fish of the jack family which abounds in waters of the West Indies and in the Atlantic as far north as the Carolinas.

USS <i>Tigrone</i> Submarine of the United States

USS Tigrone (SS/SSR/AGSS-419), a Tench-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tigrone, a tiger shark found in tropical waters. Her keel was laid down on 8 May 1944 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard. She was launched on 20 July 1944 sponsored by Mrs. Mary B. Grisham, wife of Captain Charles F. Grisham, USN, Superintendent of the Portsmouth, N.H., Navy Yard, and commissioned on 25 October 1944.

USS <i>Requin</i> US Navy diesel-electric submarine (1945-1968)

USS Requin (SS/SSR/AGSS/IXSS-481), a Tench-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named after the requin, French for shark. Since 1990 it has been a museum ship at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

USS <i>Grouper</i> Gato-class submarine (1941 to 1968)

USS Grouper (SS/SSK/AGSS-214), a Gato-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the grouper.

USS <i>Sea Poacher</i> Submarine of the United States

USS Sea Poacher (SS/AGSS-406), a Balao-class submarine, was a vessel of the United States Navy named for the sea poacher, a slender, mailed fish of the North Atlantic.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Damage Control Book: AGSS569 (U). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, Naval Ship Systems Command. 1971. pp. Section 12, 5–8.
  2. ↑ Tyler, Patrick (1986). Running Critical: The Silent War, Rickover and General Dynamics. New York: Harper and Row. p. 70.
  3. 1 2 3 Polmar & Moore, p.129
  4. ↑ Scrafford, Julie (2006). "Albacore: Forerunner to the Future". Undersea Warfare. 8 (4). U.S. Navy. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  5. ↑ "Keel for Albacore, Experimental Sub, Laid at Shipyard". The Portsmouth Herald . Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 17 March 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "Albacore Launching Scheduled Today at Naval Shipyard". The Portsmouth Herald . Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 1 August 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  7. ↑ "Albacore Launching Scheduled Today at Naval Shipyard (cont)". The Portsmouth Herald . Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 1 August 1953. p. 2. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  8. ↑ "New Type Sub Commissioned at Portsmouth" . The Boston Globe . 6 December 1953. p. C22. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via pqarchiver.com.
  9. ↑ "Submarine Commissioned". News-Journal . Mansfield, Ohio. 10 December 1953. p. 26. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  10. ↑ Polmar & Moore, p.128
  11. ↑ "Using Wind Tunnel". Medford Mail Tribune . Medford, Oregon. 22 December 1955. p. 10. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ "Building and Changing Albacore". Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  13. ↑ "The Revolutionary USS ALBACORE (AGSS-569)". 14 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  14. ↑ "209-USS-Albacore-1953.pdf" (PDF). 13 May 2000. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  15. ↑ Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. p. 56. ISBN   1-55750-260-9.
  16. ↑ "About". Albacore Park. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  17. ↑ "Streamline Sub Sets Under Water Speed Records." Popular Mechanics, June 1954, p. 73.
  18. ↑ "Mountbatten Due For Trip in Sub". Pensacola News Journal . Pensacola, Florida. Associated Press. 22 October 1955. p. 1. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  19. ↑ "Sea Lord To Cruise". Orlando Sentinel . Orlando, Florida. Associated Press. 5 November 1955. p. 4. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ "Naval Events Headlined". Wilmington Morning News . Wilmington, Delaware. 2 February 1956. p. 3. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ "Albacore, Fastest Sub Yet". Mason City Globe-Gazette . Mason City, Iowa. 17 April 1956. p. 9. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "WKBT TV Topics". La Crosse Tribune . La Crosse, Wisconsin. 13 May 1956. p. 14. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Polmar & Moore, p.130
  24. ↑ Oral History, p.150
  25. ↑ "Super-fast Soviet N-sub worries U.S." The Morning Call . Allentown, Pennsylvania. 5 July 1983. p. 1. Retrieved 4 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. 23 January 2007.
  27. 1 2 "USS ALBACORE (Submarine)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
  28. ↑ "The Albacore Story: Concept to Mothballs". Albacore Park. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  29. ↑ Pierce, William (18 August 2014). "General Motors / Electro-Motive 16-184 Diesel Engine". Old Machine Press. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  30. ↑ "'Retirement' Rites Held for Albacore". The Portsmouth Herald . Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 1 September 1972. p. 1. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ "'Retirement' Rites Held for Albacore (cont)". The Portsmouth Herald . Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 1 September 1972. p. 3. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  32. ↑ Oral History, pp.525–530
  33. ↑ "Silent Fleet Never Sails". Sentinel Star . Orlando, Florida. 3 May 1973. p. 118. Retrieved 3 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ Largess & Mandelblatt
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Albacore Park". ussalbacore.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  36. ↑ "Headed upstream". Courier-Post . Camden, New Jersey. 5 May 1985. p. 5. Retrieved 4 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  37. ↑ "Old Submarine Opens As Exhibit". The Burlington Free Press . Burlington, Vermont. 31 August 1986. p. 19. Retrieved 4 April 2018– via newspapers.com.
  38. ↑ "USS Albacore Museum". 4 April 2018 – via Google Maps.
  39. ↑ Kevin J. Foster (28 July 1988). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: USS Albacore (AGSS-569)". National Park Service. Retrieved 27 November 2023. and Accompanying 1 photo, from 1988.  (124 KB)
  40. ↑ Piggot, Mark O. (30 May 2005). "Submariners, Past and Present, Honor Fallen Shipmates for Memorial Day". navy.mil. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  41. ↑ "Basin Renovation". ussalbacore.org. 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2018– via imageevent.com.

Sources

Further reading

Historical
Contemporary

43°04′57″N70°46′00″W / 43.082375°N 70.766737°W / 43.082375; -70.766737

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.