Skate-class submarine

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USS Skate (SSN-578);0857816.jpg
USS Skate with an ice pack behind her
Class overview
NameSkate class
Builders
OperatorsFlag of the United States.svg  United States Navy
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Built1955–1959
In commission1957–1989
Completed4
Retired4
General characteristics
Type Nuclear submarine
Displacement
  • 2,250 long tons (2,290 t) surfaced
  • 2,850 long tons (2,900 t) submerged
Length267 ft 7 in (81.56 m)
Beam25 ft (7.6 m)
Draft21 ft 3 in (6.48 m)
Propulsion S3W nuclear reactor in S3W or S4W plant, geared steam turbines, two shafts, 6,600 shp (4,900 kW) [1]
Speed
  • 18  kn (33 km/h; 21 mph) surfaced
  • 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) submerged
Test depth700 ft (210 m)
Complement84 officers and enlisted
Armament

The Skate-class submarines were the United States Navy's first production run of nuclear-powered submarines. They were an evolution of the Tang class in everything except their propulsion plants, which were based on the operational prototype USS Nautilus. The four Skate class boats re-introduced stern torpedo tubes. Although among the smallest nuclear-powered attack submarines ever built, the Skate class served for many years, with the last being decommissioned in 1989. USS Skate was the first submarine to surface at the North Pole, on 17 March 1959.

Contents

Skate and Sargo were built with the S3W reactor, [2] [3] Swordfish and Seadragon also had the S3W reactor in the S4W reactor plant (same machinery in an alternate arrangement). [4] [5]

Design

The Skate class were designed under project SCB 121 as economical production nuclear-powered submarines (SSNs), and thus were smaller and more austere than their ground-breaking predecessor Nautilus, whose high cost had raised concerns. They were designed before Nautilus demonstrated the advantages of sustained high underwater speed, thus their designed speed was about the maximum speed of the conventional Tang class, which had a similar displacement to the Skates. Their S3W reactor was a scaled-down version of Nautilus' S2W reactor with about half the power output; it was known as SFR (Submarine Fleet Reactor) during development. A slightly modified version known as S4W powered the second pair of Skate-class boats. Unfortunately, scaling down the reactor did not reduce the weight of reactor shielding proportionally, and it was eventually realized that further downsizing was impractical. In the late 1950s it was hoped that the nuclear-powered aircraft program would develop reactors suitable for very small SSNs, but the program was unsuccessful. [6] Their armament was the same as the Tangs, six bow and two stern 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. Like the Tangs, the stern tubes had no ejection pump, and could only be used for swim-out weapons such as the Mark 37 ASW homing torpedo. The quest for a high submerged speed and improved sonar led to the subsequent Skipjack and Thresher classes becoming the model for further development.[ citation needed ]

Service

Skate was notable as the first submarine to surface at the North Pole, on 17 March 1959. A previous attempt in 1958 had resulted in no suitable place found for surfacing near the Pole. Sargo and Seadragon also conducted significant polar operations in their careers. This class was the most suited for ice breakthrough attempts until the Sturgeon class, with fairwater planes that could be rotated vertically, entered service beginning in 1967. After 25–30 years each of successful service, mostly out of Pearl Harbor, the class was retired in the 1980s and disposed of through the Navy's nuclear Ship-Submarine Recycling Program.[ citation needed ]

Boats in class

NameHull no.BuilderLaid downLaunchedCommissionedDecommissionedPeriod of serviceFate
Skate SSN-578 Electric Boat 21 July 195516 May 195723 December 195712 September 198628.7Recycled March 1995
Swordfish SSN-579 Portsmouth Naval Shipyard 25 January 195627 August 195715 September 19582 June 198930.4Recycled September 1995
Sargo SSN-583 Mare Island Naval Shipyard 21 February 195610 October 19571 October 195821 April 198829.6Recycled April 1995
Seadragon SSN-584 Portsmouth Naval Shipyard 20 June 195616 August 19585 December 195912 June 198424.5Recycled September 1995

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References

  1. Gardiner, Robert and Chumbley, Stephen, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995, p. 604, Conway Maritime Press, London:1995, ISBN   1-55750-132-7.
  2. "USS Skate (SSN 578)". Unofficial U.S. Navy Site. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  3. "USS Sargo (SSN 583)". Unofficial U.S. Navy Site. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  4. "USS Swordfish (SSN 579)". Unofficial U.S. Navy Site. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  5. "USS Seadragon (SSN 584)". Unofficial U.S. Navy Site. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  6. Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 124–129. ISBN   1-55750-260-9.