Columbia-class submarine

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Columbia class
Artist rendering of a Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine, 2019 (190306-N-N0101-125).jpg
The planned Columbia-class submarine, as drawn in 2019 by Naval Sea Systems Command
Class overview
Preceded by Ohio class
Cost
  • US$109.8 billion for 12 boats (FY2021, projected) [1]
  • US$9.15 billion per unit (FY2021, projected)
Built2020–present
Planned12 [2]
On order2
Building1 [3]
General characteristics
Type Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN)
Displacement20,810 long tons (21,140 t) (submerged) [4]
Length560 ft (171 m) [4]
Beam43 ft (13 m) [4]
Installed powerS1B [5]
PropulsionTurbo-electric drive, pump-jet [4]
RangeUnlimited
Complement155 (accommodation) [4]
Sensors and
processing systems		Enlarged version of the Virginia-class LAB sonar [4]
Armament16 × Trident D5 [6] and torpedo tubes

The Columbia-class (formerly known as the Ohio Replacement Submarine and SSBN-X Future Follow-on Submarine) is an upcoming class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed to replace the Ohio class of the United States Navy. [7] Construction of the first submarine began on 1 October 2020. [8] It is scheduled to enter service in 2031. [9] [10] [11]

Contents

On 3 June 2022, the Navy announced that this first boat will be named USS District of Columbia (SSBN-826), because there currently exists an attack submarine named USS Columbia (SSN-771). [12] The Navy has since continued to refer to the class as the Columbia class. [13] [14]

Overview

The Columbia class is to replace the Ohio class of ballistic missile submarines, whose remaining boats are to be decommissioned, one per year, beginning in 2028.[ citation needed ] The Columbia class will take over the role of submarine presence in the United States’ strategic nuclear force. [6]

Electric Boat designed the new class with help from Newport News Shipbuilding. A total of 12 submarines are planned, [2] and construction of the lead boat began in 2021. Each submarine will have 16 missile tubes, each carrying one UGM-133 Trident II D5LE missile. (The ninth and later Columbias are to receive the upgraded D5LE2s.) [15] [16] The submarines will be 560 feet (170.7 m) long and 43 feet (13.1 m) in diameter, as long as the Ohio-class design, and 1 foot (30 cm) larger in diameter. [6]

To determine how many submarines would be needed for the U.S. strategic nuclear force, Navy planners calculated how many missiles would be needed at sea and on station at any given time, how many each submarine should carry, and the likelihood that a submarine will remain undiscovered by the enemy and be able to launch. They also explored how required maintenance would affect availability. [17] Cost-reduction studies explored design and construction possibilities, including adding missile tubes to the design of the Virginia-class attack submarine, building Ohio-class replacement submarines using updated Ohio-class designs, and developing an entirely new Ohio Replacement Submarine design. [6] [18]

2012 artist's conception of the Ohio Replacement Submarine SSBN-X.jpg
2012 artist's conception of the Ohio Replacement Submarine

The Navy concluded that a new design would be the least expensive option that could meet all of the technical requirements. [17] For example, while the modified Virginia-class and updated Ohio-class design options would have required an expensive mid-life refueling, [6] each Columbia-class nuclear core will last as long as the submarine is in service. [19] [20]

The design and technology development of the Columbia class is projected to cost $4.2 billion (fiscal 2010 dollars), with technology and components from the Ohio and Virginia classes included where possible to save money. The cost to build District ofColumbia, the lead boat of the class, will be an estimated $6.2 billion (fiscal 2010 dollars). [6] The Navy has a goal of reducing the average cost of the remaining 11 planned hulls in the class to $4.9 billion each (fiscal 2010 dollars). [19] The total lifecycle cost of the entire class is estimated at $347 billion. [19] The high cost of the submarines is expected to cut deeply into Navy shipbuilding. [21]

In April 2014, the Navy completed a 300-page specification report for the Ohio Replacement Program submarines. There are 159 specifications including weapons, escape routes, fluid systems, hatches, doors, seawater systems, and a set length of 560 ft (170 m), partly to allow for sufficient volume inside the pressure hull. [22]

In March 2016, the U.S. Navy chose General Dynamics Electric Boat as the prime contractor and lead design yard. [23] Electric Boat, which built all 18 Ohio-class submarines, [24] will do most of the work on all 12 Columbias, including final assembly. [25] Huntington Ingalls Industries’ Newport News Shipbuilding will serve as the main subcontractor, participating in the design and construction and doing 22 to 23 percent of the work. [26]

In late 2016, some 3,000 Electric Boat employees were involved in the detailed-design phase of the program [27] and the procurement of the first submarine was scheduled for 2021. [6] Completion of the first submarine was scheduled for 2030, followed by its entry into service in 2031. All 12 submarines are expected to be completed by 2042 and remain in service until 2085. [6] [22]

On 28 July 2016, it was reported that the first submarine of the class will be named Columbia, to commemorate the District of Columbia, the capital of the United States. [28] The Columbia class was officially designated on 14 December 2016 by Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus, and the lead submarine will be the USS District of Columbia (SSBN-826). [29] The Navy wanted to procure the first Columbia-class boat in FY2021. [30]

On 28 October 2020, U.S. Navy Secretary Kenneth J. Braithwaite announced that the second submarine would be named USS Wisconsin (SSBN-827), after the U.S. state of the same name. [31]

On 7 June 2021, the U.S. Navy budget office announced that the total cost for District of Columbia would reach $15.03 billion, which includes planning costs for the entire program. [32] As of April 2023, the estimated construction cost of the twelve-boat program is $132 billion. Securing the supply chain and maintaining a skilled labor force are two major challenges for the program. [33]

General characteristics

Graphic artist concept, 2012 Columbia-class submarine, NAVSEA concept.png
Graphic artist concept, 2012
Cutaway image Ohio Replacement Submarine cutaway 2014 Sea, Air, and Space Symposium.png
Cutaway image

Although still evolving, the following are some of the characteristics for the SSBN(X) design: [10] [34]

The U.S. Navy has also said that "owing to the unique demands of strategic relevance, SSBN(X)s must be fitted with the most up-to-date capabilities and stealth to ensure they are survivable throughout their full 40-year life span." [6]

In November 2012, the U.S. Naval Institute, citing Naval Sea Systems Command, revealed additional design information: [38]

The Columbia-class submarine may also be equipped with a Submarine Warfare Federated Tactical System (SWFTS), a cluster of systems that integrate sonar, optical imaging, weapons control etc. [39] [40] [41]

Propulsion

In a bid to reduce life-cycle cost and acoustic signature, [42] [43] Columbia is to run on electric drive—that is, it will use an electric motor to turn its propellers instead of the reduction gearing and mechanical drive systems used on earlier nuclear-powered submarines. [44] [45] It will retain the nuclear reactor and steam turbines typical of U.S. Navy submarines. In such systems, the nuclear reactor heats water to steam, the turbines convert the heat in the steam into mechanical energy, and the generators convert that mechanical energy into electrical energy [46] for use by the propulsion motors and other onboard systems. [47] [48]

Turbo-electric drives were successfully used on U.S. battleships and aircraft carriers in the first half of the 20th century, [49] and on the small nuclear-powered submarine USS Tullibee in the late 1950s. [50] Another larger nuclear-powered submarine, USS Glenard P. Lipscomb, was equipped with a turboelectric drive but proved to be underpowered, unreliable, and maintenance-hungry. [51] [52] As of 2013, the only operational turboelectric-powered subs were the French Navy's Triomphant-class submarines. [53]

In 2014, Northrop Grumman was chosen as the prime designer and manufacturer of the Columbia's turbine generator units. [47]

In 2014, Leonardo DRS was selected as the main propulsion motor and propulsion motor drive provider. The lead ship motor was delivered to Electric Boat in August 2022. [54]

Various types of electric motors have and are being developed for military and non-military vessels. [55] Types being considered for future U.S. submarines include permanent magnet motors (PMM) being developed by General Dynamics and Newport News Shipbuilding, and high-temperature superconducting synchronous motors, being developed by American Superconductors and General Atomics. [55] [56] [57] More recent data shows that the U.S. Navy appears to be focusing on permanent-magnet, radial-gap electric propulsion motors. The Zumwalt-class destroyer design switched from PMM to an advanced induction motor. [58] In 2013, permanent magnet motors were tested on the Large Scale Vehicle II for possible application on late-production Virginia-class submarines, as well as future submarines. [59] [60] Siemens AG PMMs are used on Type 212 submarines in service with the German and Italian navies. [61]

The Royal Navy's Dreadnought-class submarine, which is to replace the Vanguard class of ballistic missile submarines, may have submarine shaftless drive (SSD) with an electric motor mounted outside the pressure hull. [62] [ unreliable source? ] SSD was evaluated by the U.S. Navy, but it remains unknown whether the Columbia class will have it. [63] [64] On contemporary nuclear submarines, steam turbines are linked to reduction gears and a shaft rotating the propeller/pump-jet propulsor. With SSD, steam would drive electric turbogenerators, powered by steam turbines, that would be connected to a non-penetrating electric junction at the aft end of the pressure hull, with a watertight electric motor mounted externally, possibly an Integrated Motor Propulsor arrangement, [65] powering the pump-jet propulsor, [62] although SSD concepts without pump-jet propulsors also exist. [66] In 2015, an Ohio-Replacement scale model at the Navy League’s 2015 Sea-Air-Space Exposition suggested that the sub would have a pump-jet propulsor visually similar to the one used on Virginia class [67] [38] perhaps as part of the Navy's stated desire to reuse Virginia components to reduce risk and cost of construction. [67] [6]

Common missile compartment

In December 2008, General Dynamics Electric Boat Corporation was selected to design the Common Missile Compartment that will be used on the Ohio-class successor. [36] In 2012, the U.S. Navy announced plans for its SSBN(X) to share a common missile compartment (CMC) design with the Royal Navy's Dreadnought-class ballistic missile submarine. [6] The CMC will house SLBMs in "quad packs". [68] [69]

List of boats

NameHull NumberBuilderOrderedLaid downLaunchedCommissionedHomeportStatus
USS District of Columbia SSBN-826 General Dynamics Electric Boat, Groton, CT 5 November 2020 [70] 4 June 2022 [70] [71] Under construction [70]
USS Wisconsin SSBN-8275 November 2020 [72] Under construction [9]
SSBN-828

Related Research Articles

<i>Benjamin Franklin</i>-class submarine Submarine class of the United States Navy

The Benjamin Franklin class of US ballistic missile submarines were in Navy service from the 1960s–2000s. The class was an evolutionary development from the earlier James Madison class of fleet ballistic missile submarine. Having quieter machinery and other improvements, it is considered a separate class. A subset of this class is the re-engineered 640 class starting with USS George C. Marshall. The primary difference was that they were built under the new SUBSAFE rules after the loss of USS Thresher, earlier boats of the class had to be retrofitted to meet SUBSAFE requirements. The Benjamin Franklin class, together with the George Washington, Ethan Allen, Lafayette, and James Madison classes, comprised the "41 for Freedom" that was the Navy's primary contribution to the nuclear deterrent force through the late 1980s. This class and the James Madison class are combined with the Lafayettes in some references.

<i>Ohio</i>-class submarine Class of US nuclear ballistic missile submarines

The Ohio class of nuclear-powered submarines includes the United States Navy's 14 ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) and its four cruise missile submarines (SSGNs). Each displacing 18,750 tons submerged, the Ohio-class boats are the largest submarines ever built for the U.S. Navy. They are also the third-largest submarines ever built, behind the Russian Navy's Soviet era 48,000-ton Typhoon class, the last of which was retired in 2023, and 24,000-ton Borei class. Capable of carrying 24 Trident II missiles apiece, the Ohio class are equipped with just as many missiles as, if not more than, either the Borei class (16) or the deactivated Typhoon class (20).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Submarine-launched ballistic missile</span> Self-propelled gravity-assisted guided weapon flying from an independent underwater craft

A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines. Modern variants usually deliver multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), each of which carries a nuclear warhead and allows a single launched missile to strike several targets. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles operate in a different way from submarine-launched cruise missiles.

A ballistic missile submarine is a submarine capable of deploying submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with nuclear warheads. These submarines became a major weapon system in the Cold War because of their nuclear deterrence capability. They can fire missiles thousands of kilometers from their targets, and acoustic quieting makes them difficult to detect, thus making them a survivable deterrent in the event of a first strike and a key element of the mutual assured destruction policy of nuclear deterrence. The deployment of ballistic missile submarines is dominated by the United States and Russia. Smaller numbers are in service with France, the United Kingdom, China and India; North Korea is also suspected to have an experimental submarine that is diesel-electric powered.

USS <i>Ohio</i> (SSGN-726) Submarine of the United States

USS Ohio (SSBN-726/SSGN-726), the lead boat of her class of nuclear-powered fleet ballistic missile submarines (SSBN), is the fourth vessel of the United States Navy to be named for the U.S. state of Ohio. She was commissioned with the hull designation of SSBN-726, and with her conversion to a guided missile submarine she was re-designated SSGN-726.

USS <i>Maine</i> (SSBN-741) Submarine of the United States

USS Maine (SSBN-741) is a United States Navy Ohio-class ballistic missile submarine in commission since 1995. She is the fourth U.S. Navy ship authorized, and the third commissioned, to be named in honor of the state of Maine. She has the capability to carry 24 nuclear armed Trident ballistic missiles.

<i>George Washington</i>-class submarine United States Navy class of fleet ballistic missile submarines

The George Washington class was a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines deployed by the United States Navy. George Washington, along with the later Ethan Allen, Lafayette, James Madison, and Benjamin Franklin classes, comprised the "41 for Freedom" group of submarines that represented the Navy's main contribution to the nuclear deterrent force through the late 1980s.

USS <i>Michigan</i> (SSGN-727) Submarine of the United States

USS Michigan (SSBN-727/SSGN-727) is an Ohio-class nuclear-powered guided missile submarine (SSGN), converted from a ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), that is part of the United States Navy. She is the third vessel to bear the name of the U.S. state of Michigan.

USS <i>Alabama</i> (SSBN-731) Ohio-class submarine

USS Alabama (SSBN-731) is the sixth Ohio-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, and the seventh United States vessel to be named for the state of Alabama. The boat's motto duplicates the state's motto, Audemus Jura Nostra Defendere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear submarine</span> Submarine powered by a nuclear reactor

A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor, but not necessarily nuclear-armed. Nuclear submarines have considerable performance advantages over "conventional" submarines. Nuclear propulsion, being completely independent of air, frees the submarine from the need to surface frequently, as is necessary for conventional submarines. The large amount of power generated by a nuclear reactor allows nuclear submarines to operate at high speed for long periods, and the long interval between refuelings grants a range virtually unlimited, making the only limits on voyage times being imposed by such factors as the need to restock food or other consumables.

USS <i>Kentucky</i> (SSBN-737) Submarine of the United States

USS Kentucky (SSBN-737) is a United States Navy Ohio-class ballistic missile submarine which has been in commission since 1991. She is the third U.S. Navy ship to be named for Kentucky, the 15th state.

USS <i>Wyoming</i> (SSBN-742) Submarine of the United States

USS Wyoming (SSBN-742) is a United States Navy Ohio-class ballistic missile submarine which has been in commission since 1996. She is the fourth US Navy ship to be named USS Wyoming, although it was only the third named after the state of Wyoming.

USS <i>Henry M. Jackson</i> United States Navy submarine

USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN-730) is an Ohio-class, nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, in commission with the United States Navy since 1984. She is named for US Senator Henry M. Jackson of the state of Washington, and is the only submarine of the class not named after a US state.

USS <i>Columbia</i> (SSN-771) Los Angeles-class nuclear-powered attack submarine of the US Navy

USS Columbia (SSN-771) is the 21st flight III, or Improved (688i) Los Angeles-class attack submarine of the United States Navy. Commissioned in 1995, the submarine is assigned to Submarine Squadron 7 and homeported in Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam.

There are three major types of submarines in the United States Navy: ballistic missile submarines, attack submarines, and cruise missile submarines. All submarines currently in the U.S. Navy are nuclear-powered. Ballistic missile submarines have a single strategic mission of carrying nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Attack submarines have several tactical missions, including sinking ships and subs, launching cruise missiles, and gathering intelligence. Cruise missile submarines perform many of the same missions as attack submarines, but with a focus on their ability to carry and launch larger quantities of cruise missiles than typical attack submarines.

United States ship naming conventions for the U.S. Navy were established by congressional action at least as early as 1862. Title 13, section 1531, of the U.S. Code, enacted in that year, reads, in part,

The vessels of the Navy shall be named by the Secretary of the Navy under direction of the President according to the following rule: Sailing-vessels of the first class shall be named after the States of the Union, those of the second class after the rivers, those of the third class after the principal cities and towns and those of the fourth class as the President may direct.

USS District of Columbia (SSBN-826) will be the lead boat of the United States Navy's Columbia-class ballistic missile submarines and the Navy's first vessel to be named for the District of Columbia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moored training ship</span>

A moored training ship (MTS) is a United States Navy nuclear powered submarine that has been converted to a training ship for the Naval Nuclear Power Training Command's Nuclear Power Training Unit (NPTU) at Naval Support Activity Charleston in South Carolina. The NPTU is part of the Navy's Nuclear Power School at Goose Creek, S.C. The Navy uses decommissioned nuclear submarines and converts them to MTSs to train personnel in the operation and maintenance of submarines and their nuclear reactors. The first moored training ship was USS Sam Rayburn (SSBN-635) a James Madison-class fleet ballistic missile submarine, redesignated as (MTS-635) in 1989, followed a year later by USS Daniel Webster (SSBN-626), a Lafayette-class ballistic missile submarine, redesignated as (MTS-626). Conversion of these two boats took place at the Charleston Naval Shipyard and modifications included special mooring arrangements with a mechanism to absorb power generated by the main propulsion shaft.

Regulus missile submarines Group of submarines operated by the US Navy

The Regulus missile submarines were a group of submarines operated by the United States Navy capable of carrying the Regulus cruise missile. Between 1959 and 1964, a total of five boats were used to undertake the first submarine-based nuclear deterrent patrols by the United States. Regulus submarines were used for this task until 1964, when sufficient ballistic missile submarines carrying the Polaris ballistic missile became available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Randy B. Crites</span> U.S. Navy Vice admiral

Randy B. Crites is a retired vice admiral of the United States Navy. He last served as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Integration of Capabilities and Resources from May 15, 2020, to 2023. He previously served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Budget, and as director of the Fiscal Management Division in Washington, D.C., until he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral in 2020. Prior he served as the Director of OPNAV N81 Assessments Division, as Director of the Maritime Headquarters at United States Pacific Fleet, as Commander Submarine Group 10, and as Commanding officer of USS West Virginia (SSBN-736) and USS Florida (SSGN-728).

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  70. 1 2 3 "Naval Vessel Register - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (SSBN 826)". nvr.navy.mil. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  71. ↑ "Keel Laying Ceremony Held for First Columbia-Class Ballistic Missile Submarine".
  72. ↑ "Naval Vessel Register - WISCONSIN (SSBN 827)". nvr.navy.mil. Retrieved 4 October 2023.

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