Dull-mantled antbird

Dull-mantled antbird
Male at Tapir Lodge trails near Braulio Carrillo National Park (Costa Rica)
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Thamnophilidae
Genus:	Sipia
Species:	S. laemosticta
Binomial name
Sipia laemosticta (Salvin, 1865)
Synonyms
Myrmeciza laemosticta

The dull-mantled antbird (Sipia laemosticta) is a perching bird species in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama. ^{[2] [3]}

Taxonomy and systematics

The dull-mantled antbird was described by the English naturalist Osbert Salvin in 1865 and given the binomial name Myrmeciza laemosticta. ^[4] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2013 found that the genus Myrmeciza , as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, four species including the dull-mantled antbird were moved to the resurrected genus Sipia that had been introduced by the Austrian ornithologist Carl Eduard Hellmayr in 1924. ^{[5] [6] [2]}

What is now the Magdalena antbird (S. palliata) was previously considered conspecific with the dull-mantled antbird but was elevated to species status based on an analysis of vocalization and mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2010. ^{[2] [7] [8]}

The dull-mantled antbird's closest relative appears to be the Esmeraldas antbird (S. nigricauda). The other two members of genus Sipia, the Magdalena antbird and stub-tailed antbird (S. berlepschi) are the next most closely related. The chestnut-backed antbird (Poliocrania exsul) and grey-headed antbird (Ampelornis griseiceps) are somewhat more distantly related. ^[9]

The dull-mantled antbird is monotypic. ^[2]

Male dull-mantled antbird, Arenal, Costa Rica, taken on 13 March 2024.

Description

The dull-mantled antbird is 12.5 to 15.0 cm (4.9 to 5.9 in) long and weighs about 25 g (0.88 oz). Adult males have a blackish gray to slate-black head, neck, and upper mantle. The rest of their upperparts are dark reddish brown, chestnut, or olive with a usually hidden white patch between their scapulars. Their flight feathers and tail are blackish brown with dark reddish brown edges. Their greater wing coverts are dark reddish brown with cinnamon or rufous tips; their median and lesser coverts are black with white tips. Their throat and chin are black, their sides, flanks, and undertail coverts are reddish brown, and the rest of their underparts are dark gray or slate. Adult females are similar to males with gray areas that are somewhat less blackish than the male's. Their interscapular patch is much smaller than the male's. Their median wing coverts have a cinnamon tinge. Their throat is black with many white spots or bars. Both sexes have a red iris and gray legs and feet. Based on one description of each sex, males apparently have a black bill and females a black maxilla and gray mandible. Young males have a brown wash on their head, faint buff mottling on their throat, and no black on their underparts. ^{[10] [11] [12]}

Distribution and habitat

The dull-mantled antbird has a disjunct distribution. It is found in Costa Rica on the Caribbean slope from the Cordillera de Guanacaste south at elevations between 300 and 900 m (1,000 and 3,000 ft). In Panama it occurs on both the Caribbean and Pacific slopes, in Bocas del Toro and Veraguas provinces and from Guna Yala south to Colombia. In Panama it ranges from near sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft). ^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [ excessive citations ]} At least one sighting has been documented in extreme northwestern Colombia. ^[14] The species primarily inhabits the floor and understorey of wet foothills evergreen forest and also occurs in lowlands. It favors ravines and slopes along streams with dense vegetation and also regenerating vegetation in landslide scars and tree-fall openings. ^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [ excessive citations ]}

Behavior

Movement

The dull-mantled antbird is a year-round resident throughout its range. ^[13]

Feeding

The dull-mantled antbird feeds on insects and other arthropods like spiders. Individuals, pairs, and family groups forage in dense vegetation mostly on the ground and also up to about 1 m (3 ft) above it. It captures prey by gleaning vegetation while perched, by picking from leaf litter, or with a jump or a short flutter flight to overhanging vegetation. It rarely rummages through leaf litter to search for prey; rather, it will observe its surroundings tensely, beating down its tail forcefully and slowly raising it up again, and then strike directly at something that has attracted its interest. Small prey is devoured immediately; larger animals are beaten vigorously on branches to make them easier to swallow. It seldom joins mixed-species feeding flocks but occasionally attends army ant swarms to capture prey that flees from the ants. ^{[10] [11] [12]}

Breeding

The dull-mantled antbird's breeding season has not been defined but in Costa Rica includes at least April and May. The only known nests were found in Costa Rica. They were cups woven of several kinds of somewhat coarse plant fibers, sometimes with moss on the outside, and lined with finer fibers. They were within 1 m (3 ft) of the ground in small shrubs or saplings near watercourses. Two of the nests each held two eggs; in one they were white with cinnamon markings and in the other were pinkish with cinnamon and lavender markings. ^[10]

Songs and calls Listen to the dull-mantled antbird on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The male dull-mantled antbird's loudsong is "a countable series (e.g., eight notes, over 1.8 seconds) of short notes that begins with three upslurred to flat notes and abruptly switches to five evenly paced downslurred notes, e.g., tsee tsee tsee, tyew-tyew-tyew-tyew". The female's loudsong "has the initial three notes longer and raspier than those of male, followed by 2–4 abrupt, downslurred, and chevron-shaped terminal notes, dropping in pitch and intensity"; it often is sung right after the male sings. The species' calls "include short (e.g., 0.1–0.2 seconds), burry, downslurred notes, dzhrw or jeew, as well as abrupt, sometimes doubled, chip notes." ^[10]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the dull-mantled antbird as being of Least Concern. Its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. ^[1] It is considered fairly common in Costa Rica and in eastern Panama though patchily distributed across its range. ^{[10] [12]} It is "[c]onsidered to be of high sensitivity to disturbance, and, in view of its small geographical range and narrow elevational limits, this species should be monitored for signs of decline." ^[10]

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Dull-mantled Antbird Sipia laemosticta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22724857A94881693. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724857A94881693.en . Retrieved 6 August 2024.
2. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
3. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 28, 2024
4. Salvin, Osbert (1864). "Descriptions of seventeen new species of birds from Costa Rica". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 579–586 [582]. The volume has 1864 on the title page but was published in 1865.
5. Isler, M.L.; Bravo, G.A.; Brumfield, R.T. (2013). "Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3717 (4): 469–497. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.3. PMID   26176119.
6. Hellmayr, Carl Eduard (1924). "Catalogue of Birds of the Americas and the Adjacent Islands". Field Museum Natural History Publications. Zoological Series. 13 (3). Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History: 224.
7. Chaves, J.C.; Cuervo, A.M.; Miller, M.J.; Cadena, C.D. (2010). "Revising species limits in a group of Myrmeciza antbirds reveals a cryptic species within M. laemosticta (Thamnophilidae)" (PDF). Condor. 112 (4): 718–730. doi:10.1525/cond.2010.100098. S2CID   4878799.
8. "Proposal (475): Recognize Myrmeciza palliata as a separate species from Myrmeciza laemosticta". South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society. 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
9. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 28, 2024
10. Kirwan, G. M., K. Zimmer, and M.L. Isler (2023). Dull-mantled Antbird (Sipia laemosticta), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (N. D. Sly, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.dumant1.02 retrieved August 6, 2024
11. vanPerlo, Ber (2006). Birds of Mexico and Central America. Princeton Illustrated Checklists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 61, map 61.6. ISBN   0691120706.
12. Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. pp. 180–181. ISBN   978-0-8014-7373-9.
13. Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. p. 368.
14. Miranda, Jhonathan (2022). "Añadir Sipia laemosticta (Dull-mantled Antbird) a la lista principal". South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society. Retrieved August 6, 2024.