Eagle House | |
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![]() Eagle House in 2010 | |
General information | |
Location | Batheaston |
Country | England, United Kingdom |
Coordinates | 51°24′49″N2°19′06″W / 51.41361°N 2.31833°W |
Designations | Grade II listed [1] |
Eagle House is a Grade II* listed building in Batheaston, Somerset, near Bath. [2] Before World War I the house had extensive grounds.
When Emily Blathwayt and her husband Colonel Linley Blathwayt owned the house, its summerhouse was used, from 1909 to 1912, as a refuge for suffragettes who had been released from prison after hunger strikes. It became known as the Suffragette's Rest or Suffragette's Retreat. Emily Blathwayt was a suffragette and member of the Women's Social and Political Union.
Between April 1909 and July 1911, trees were planted in the grounds to commemorate individual suffragettes, and at least 47 were planted in a 2-acre (0.81 ha) site. [2] Known as Annie's Arboretum, after Annie Kenney, the trees were destroyed in the 1960s when a council estate was built. Only one tree remains, an Austrian Pine planted in 1909 by Rose Lamartine Yates. [3]
The two-storey Bath stone house has ashlar quoins and a slate roof. There is an Ionic doorcase with columns either side supporting a pediment. The south side is of five bays while the east has three. The interior includes an 18th-century staircase and fireplace. [2] In the garden is a former chapel with an early 19th-century window featuring tracery. [4]
The house was built in the late 17th or early 18th century, then remodelled in 1724 and again in 1729 by the architect John Wood, the Elder as his own house. [5] The house was later associated with his son John Wood, the Younger. [6]
In 1882, Eagle House became home to Colonel Linley Blathwayt, his wife Emily, and their children William and Mary Blathwayt. Linley Blathwayt had been a colonel in the army in India and moved into the house when he retired. He had interests in insects and in photography. [7] Emily Blathwayt's interest was in the garden and they had an extensive library of books, including hundreds on botany and nature. [6]
Emily and Mary Blathwayt began attending meetings of the Bath Women's Suffrage Society. [7] In 1906 they gave three shillings to the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). [8] Mary met Annie Kenney at a Women's Social and Political Union meeting in Bath, and she agreed to help Kenney, Elsie Howey, Clara Codd and Mary Phillips organise a local women's suffrage campaign. Mary was given an allowance by her family to support her in her work for women's rights. [8]
On 28 April 1909, Emily Blathwayt wrote in her diary that "the idea of a field of trees grows". The site chosen was a two-acre field on the side of Solsbury Hill. This was not to be a simple wood or even an arboretum, but a peaceful place for recovering women to walk and relax. They planted individual trees, holly trees to celebrate women working for the cause whereas those militant women who had been imprisoned were celebrated with a particular conifer. Each had a different species and floral rings were planted around each tree. The planting was achieved by a visit from the suffragette who then posed, often with one of the Blathwayts, by a purpose-made lead plaque. That was photographed by Colonel Lindley and he would also capture a portrait of the suffragette. The portraits were signed and card versions sold at the WSPU shop in Bath. [6] Blathwayt's diary also includes details of the sexual relationships between some participants of the movement which took place at Eagle House. [9]
Eagle House became an important refuge for suffragettes who had been released from prison after hunger strikes. Each tree was planted to commemorate each woman - at least 47 trees were planted between April 1909 and July 1911, including Emmeline Pankhurst, Christabel Pankhurst, Annie Kenney, Charlotte Despard, Millicent Fawcett and Lady Lytton. [2]
Key activists from the suffragette movement were invited to stay at her house and to plant a tree to celebrate a prison sentence, or to mark having been on hunger strike. [8] The trees were known as "Annie's Arboreatum" after Kenney. [10] [11] There was also a "Pankhurst Pond" within the grounds. [12]
When Vera Wentworth and Elsie Howey assaulted H. H. Asquith (the Prime Minister), it proved too much for the Blathwayt family. [13] They were also distressed by arson and other attacks on property carried out by the suffragettes, including one near Eagle House. [14] [15] Emily Blathwayt resigned from the WSPU and Linley Blathwayt wrote letters of protest to Christabel Pankhurst, Howey and Wentworth. Pankhurst was told that Howey and Wentworth could not visit their house again. Wentworth sent them a long reply expressing regret at their reaction but noting that "if Mr. Asquith will not receive deputation they will pummel him again". [13]
This list was translated from the German Wikipedia which refers to the online archive of Bath in Time [16] which shows the layout, images of individual women and their trees. The list is reproduced here:
The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 contained provision for woodland of historic importance to be preserved but the importance of the arboretum site was never identified. In fact, the Somerset Archaeological Society was consulted over a planning application and noted that the grounds were "not very attractive". In 1961, the Local Planning Authority overruled local objections which did not mention the garden. The house was kept but its contents were auctioned. They included a Boadicea brooch given by Annie Kenney to Mary Blathwayt. The garden did not go completely unnoticed, because a local journalist noted that the contents of the house were unimportant when compared to the suffragette's garden. [17]
In about 1965, the trees in "Annie's Arboretum" were removed to make way for a housing estate. [18] Helen Watts wrote one of the last known accounts of "Annie's Arboretum" at Eagle House. She returned to see the spot where she was honoured in 1911. She visited in 1962 and took another sprig of juniper as a souvenir, having carried one with her for fifty years, she said. The local newspaper reported that she could not find her plaque but she did find "stout trees" and, with the aid of Colonel Blathwayt's photo, she identified "her" juniper. [19]
Only one of the trees, an Austrian Pine, remains, planted by Rose Lamartine Yates in 1909. [1] In 2011, it was announced that the trees would be replaced by new ones at the Royal Victoria Park, Bath, Alice Park and Bath Spa University. [18]
In 2018, herbaria leaves, at least 100 years old, from pressed branches of five trees from Annie's Arboretum were identified in the archives of the University of East Anglia. They include samples from the trees planted by Annie Kenney, Lady Constance Lytton and Christabel Pankhurst. The archives had had them donated in 1994 by Kenney's family. Specialists from Kew Gardens advised how the branches could be preserved. [20] The University of East Anglia intended to produce an online anthology with writers, schoolchildren and students from Norfolk, on the life stories of the women whose memorial trees in Annie's Arboretum had been their lost. Eagle House has been divided into four apartments. [21]
Adela Constantia Mary Walsh was a British-born suffragette who worked as a political organiser for the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in Scotland. In 1914 she moved to Australia where she continued her activism and was co-founder of both the Communist Party of Australia and the Australia First Movement.
Aeta Adelaide Lamb was one of the longest serving organizers in the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), the leading militant organization campaigning for Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom.
Mary Elizabeth Phillips was an English suffragette, feminist and socialist. She was the longest prison serving suffragette. She worked for Christabel Pankhurst but was sacked; she then worked for Sylvia Pankhurst as Mary Pederson or Mary Paterson. In later life she supported women's and children's organisations.
Mary Blathwayt was a British feminist, suffragette and social reformer. She lived at Eagle House in Somerset. This house became known as the "Suffragette's Rest" and contained a memorial to the protests of 60 suffragists and suffragettes. The memorial was bulldozed in the 1960s.
Jessica "Jessie" Kenney (1887–1985) was an English suffragette who was jailed for assaulting the Prime Minister and Home Secretary in a protest to gain suffrage for women in the UK. Details of a bombing campaign to support their cause were discovered by the authorities in her flat when Kenney was sent abroad to convalesce. She later trained as a wireless operator but worked as a stewardess.
Vera Wentworth was a British suffragette, who notably door-stepped and then assaulted the Prime Minister on two occasions. She was incarcerated for the cause and was force fed, after which she wrote "Three Months in Holloway"
Clara Margaret Codd was a British writer, suffragette, socialist feminist, and theosophist. She went to jail for the suffragettes and then devoted her life to the Theosophical Society.
Clara Evelyn Mordan was a British suffragist and benefactor to the Women's Social and Political Union and St Hugh's College, Oxford. Tuberculosis obliged her to fight for women's rights by supporting militant protests by proxy. She hoped that her "last bed will be a coffin some woman has earned her living by making".
Alice Jane Gray Perkins or Jane Gray Perkins was an American writer and teacher. She was known as a suffragist in the UK as well as in America.
Helen Kirkpatrick Watts was a militant British suffragette from Nottingham.
Maud Joachim was a member of the Women's Social and Political Union, one of the groups of suffragettes that fought for women to get the right to vote in the United Kingdom. She was jailed several times for her protests. Joachim was one of the first suffragettes to go on hunger strike when imprisoned, a protest at not being recognised as political prisoners.
Lucy Minnie Baldock was a British suffragette. Along with Annie Kenney, she co-founded the first branch in London of the Women's Social and Political Union.
Gladice Georgina Keevil was a British suffragette who served as head of the Midlands office of the Women's Social and Political Union between 1908 and 1910.
Emily Marion Blathwayt was a British suffragette and mother of Mary Blathwayt. She and her husband, Linley, a retired Colonel from the Indian Army lived at Eagle House in Somerset and established a welcome and garden summerhouse for women in the movement, that became known as the "Suffragette's Rest".
Millicent Louisa Browne, later Millicent Price, was a British suffragette.
Lillian Dove-Willcox (1875–1963) was a British suffragette who was a member of Emmeline Pankhurst's personal bodyguard.
Marie Naylor was a British artist and militant suffragette.
Caroline "Kitty" Kenney (1880–1952) was a sister of Annie Kenney, one of the most well-known British suffragettes to go on hunger strike, for whom the Blathwayts planted commemorative trees in their Eagle House garden in Batheaston, Somerset. Another sister, Jessie, was abroad when her involvement in explosives was discovered by the authorities.
Mary Eva Hastings Morris was a Welsh medical doctor and suffragist. Born in Dolgellau, she grew up in Malta, before returning to Wales to study medicine at the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth. She went on to become the first female doctor from Aberystwyth. After spells working at Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital in London, the North Devon Infirmary, and Bristol Royal Hospital for Sick Children and Women, Morris moved to Bath, where she worked as a medical inspector.
Margaret Hewitt (1800s–1900s) was a British suffragette employed by the Women's Social and Political Union. She was involved in protests in 1909 and arrested. She was chosen to visit the Eagle House aka "Suffragette's Rest" where a plaque commemorated her planting a holly bush, in the arboretum, reserved for leading suffragettes.