Entoloma murrayi

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Entoloma murrayi
Entoloma murraii 53124.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Entolomataceae
Genus: Entoloma
Species:
E. murrayi
Binomial name
Entoloma murrayi
Synonyms [1]

Agaricus murrayiBerk. & M.A.Curtis (1859)
Rhodophyllus murrayi(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Singer (1942)
Nolanea murrayi(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Dennis (1970)
Inocephalus murrayi(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Rutter & Watling (1997)

Contents

Entoloma murrayi
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Conical cap icon.svg Cap is conical
Adnate gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is salmon
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

Entoloma murrayi, [nb 1] commonly known as the yellow unicorn Entoloma or the unicorn pinkgill, is a species of fungus in the Entolomataceae family. First described from New England (USA) in 1859, the species is found in eastern North America, Central and South America, and southeast Asia, where it grows on the ground in wet coniferous and deciduous forests. The fungus produces yellow mushrooms that have a characteristic sharp umbo on the top of a conical cap. The mushroom is inedible and may be poisonous. Other similar species can be distinguished from E. murrayi by differences in color, morphology, or microscopic characteristics.

Taxonomy

The species was originally described by Miles Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1859 as Agaricus murrayi, based on collections made in New England. Berkeley and Curtis called it "An extremely pretty species". [4] Pier Andrea Saccardo transferred the species to Entoloma in 1899. [5] Synonyms include combinations resulting from generic transfers to Rhodophyllus by Rolf Singer in 1942, [6] Noleana by R. W. G. Dennis in 1970, [7] and to Inocephalus by Gordon Rutter and Roy Watling in 1997. [1] [8] Depending on the authority, these latter three genera are considered either subgenera of Entoloma, or independent genera. In a large-scale molecular phylogenetic analysis of Agaricales species published in 2002, E. murrayi grouped in a clade together with E. canescens and two Entolomas traditionally classified in Inocephalus – E. quadrata and E. lactifluus . [9] The Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008) lumps Inocephalus and Rhodophyllus into Entoloma. [10]

The specific epithet murrayi honors the original collector, Dennis Murray of Massachusetts. Its common names "yellow unicorn Entoloma" [11] or "unicorn pinkgill" refer to the characteristic sharp umbo at the top of its cap. [12]

Description

Gills are well-spaced and acquire pinkish tones when mature. Entoloma murrayi 250137.jpg
Gills are well-spaced and acquire pinkish tones when mature.

The cap of E. murrayi is bell-shaped to conical, and measures 1.3–3 cm (0.5–1.2 in) in diameter. It features a sharp umbo in the center. The cap color is bright yellow to orange-yellow, but tends to fade in maturity. The gills have a narrowly adnate attachment to the stem, and are well-spaced. Initially yellow, they acquire a pinkish tone as the spores mature. The slender hollow stem is 4–7.5 cm (1.6–3.0 in) long and roughly equal in width throughout its length. It is pale yellow, with a fibrous surface, and often twisted with longitudinal striations. [11] Its surface is smooth, and there may be a whitish mycelium at the base. [13] The flesh is thin and pale yellow. [11] The taste and odor of the fruit bodies have been described as either "pleasant", [2] [14] or indistinct. The mushroom is not edible and may be poisonous. [11]

The spore print is salmon-pink. Spores are smooth, angular (four-sided), hyaline (translucent), and measure 9–12 by 8–10  μm. [11] The arrangement of the hyphae in the hymenophore tissue is parallel to interwoven and inamyloid. In the cap cuticle, the hyphae are interwoven radially, or alternatively in somewhat erect bundles. Hyphae of Entoloma murrayi rarely have clamp connections. [3] The cap and gill tissue contain "repository hyphae" (storage units containing byproducts of metabolism) that release a watery, yellow-colored liquid when injured. These distinctive hyphae can be seen with light microscopy of both fresh and dried specimens. [15]

Similar species

Characteristic diagnostic features of Entoloma murrayi include the bright yellow coloring, the conical cap, cube-shaped spores, and club-shaped cheilocystidia. [15] Entoloma quadratum is similar in size and morphology, but is colored salmon-orange. E. murrayi has the habit and form of some similarly colored mushrooms in the genus Hygrocybe (such as Hygrocybe marginata var. concolor), but it can be readily distinguished from those by its salmon-pink spore print, non-waxy gills, and the angular shape of its spores. [11] [12] Entoloma luteum is a duller yellow color, with a less distinctly pointed umbo. The South American species E. dennisii , originally misidentified as E. murrayi, can be distinguished from the latter by its less conical cap and considerably smaller spores that measure 5.5–7 μm. [16]

Habitat and distribution

A saprobic species, [13] Entoloma murrayi derives nutrients by breaking down organic matter. Fruit bodies are found in wet coniferous and deciduous forests, where they grow singly or in small groups on the ground in litterfall or humus, or in moss. [3] [11] Fruiting occurs in the summer and autumn. [17]

In North America, the species is found eastern Canada (Atlantic Maritime Ecozone), [18] the eastern United States (from Maine south to Alabama and west to the Great Lakes), [2] and Mexico. [19] The distribution includes Central and South America, and Southeast Asia. [12] It has also been recorded from Jamaica [20] and the Dominican Republic. [21]

Notes

  1. ↑ Some publications use an orthographical variant spelling murraii. [2] [3]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Entoloma</i> Genus of fungi

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<i>Entoloma hochstetteri</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Entoloma rodwayi</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma rodwayi, known as the green stem pinkgill, is a species of fungus in the Entolomataceae family of mushrooms. A yellowish green mushroom with pink gills and spores, it is found in wet forests of Tasmania.

<i>Entoloma austroprunicolor</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Amanita daucipes</i> Species of fungus

Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae of the mushroom order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption is generally not recommended due its position in the Amanita subgroup Lepidella, which contains some poisonous members.

<i>Amanita ravenelii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ravenelii, commonly known as the pinecone lepidella, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The whitish fruit bodies are medium to large, with caps up to 17 centimetres wide, and stems up to 25 cm (10 in) long. The cap surface has large warts and the stem has a scaly, bulbous base. The mushrooms have a unique chlorine like odor.

<i>Entoloma haastii</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma haastii is a mushroom in the Entolomataceae family. Described as new to science in 1964, it is known only from New Zealand, where it grows on the ground in leaf litter, usually near Nothofagus species.

<i>Entoloma bloxamii</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Cuphophyllus pratensis</i> Species of fungus

Cuphophyllus pratensis is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of meadow waxcap in the UK and in North America has variously been called the meadow waxy cap, salmon waxy cap, and butter meadowcap. The species has a widespread, mainly temperate distribution, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland elsewhere. The basidiocarps are edible and are occasionally collected and sold commercially.

<i>Entoloma mathinnae</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma mathinnae is a species of agaric fungus in the family Entolomataceae. Known only from Tasmania, Australia, it was described as new to science in 2009. Mushrooms have light yellow-brown, convex caps up to 8 cm (3.1 in) wide atop stems measuring 5–8.5 cm (2.0–3.3 in) long.

<i>Entoloma luteum</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma luteum is a mushroom in the family Entolomataceae. It was described in 1902 by mycologist Charles Horton Peck. Found in North America, it fruits singly or in clusters on the ground in mixed forest. Its angular spores are non-amyloid, hyaline (translucent), and measure 9–13 by 8–12 μm. Entoloma murrayi is a lookalike species that has a more orange cap with a pointy umbo.

<i>Hygrocybe appalachianensis</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe appalachianensis, commonly known as the Appalachian waxy cap, is a gilled fungus of the waxcap family. It is found in the eastern United States, where it fruits singly, in groups, or clusters on the ground in deciduous and mixed forests. The species, described in 1963 from collections made in the Appalachian Mountains, was originally classified in the related genus Hygrophorus. It was transferred to Hygrocybe in 1998, in which it has been proposed as the type species of section Pseudofirmae.

<i>Entoloma porphyrophaeum</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma porphyrophaeum is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Lilac Pinkgill. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Entoloma porphyrophaeum has been reported from North America, but at least some of these reports represent a distinct species, Entoloma canadense. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Lilac Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Entoloma medianox</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma medianox is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. It is known from western North America, where it was previously referred to the European species Entoloma bloxamii or E. madidum. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has, however, shown that Entoloma medianox is distinct.

<i>Entoloma prunuloides</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma prunuloides is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Mealy Pinkgill, based on its distinctive smell. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Mealy Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Entoloma griseocyaneum</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma griseocyaneum is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Felted Pinkgill. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Felted Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Entoloma conferendum</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma conferendum is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. In the UK it has been given the recommended English name of Star Pinkgill, based on its distinctive basidiospores. The species is widespread throughout Europe, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland, and has also been reported from North America.

References

  1. 1 2 "Entoloma murrayi (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. 1899". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  2. 1 2 3 Phillips R. (2005). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 156. ISBN   1-55407-115-1.
  3. 1 2 3 Halling RE, Mueller GM (2005). Common Mushrooms of the Talamanca Mountains, Costa Rica. New York, New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. p. 97. ISBN   978-0-89327-460-3.
  4. ↑ Berkeley, M.J.; Curtis, M.A. (1859). "Centuries of North American fungi". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. III. 4 (22): 284–96 (see. p. 289). doi:10.1080/00222935908697127.
  5. ↑ Saccardo PA, Sydow P (1899). "Supplementum Universale, Pars IV". Sylloge Fungorum. 14: 1–316 (see p. 127). ISBN   0813128137.
  6. ↑ Singer R. (1942). "Type studies on agarics". Lloydia. 5: 97–135.
  7. ↑ Dennis RWG. (1970). "Fungus flora of Venezuela and adjacent countries". Kew Bulletin, Additional Series. 1: 1–531 (see p. 76).
  8. ↑ Rutter G, Watling R (1997). "Taxonomic and floristic notes on some larger Malaysian fungi II". Malayan Nature Journal. 50 (4): 229–34. ISSN   0025-1291.
  9. ↑ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, et al. (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID   12099793.
  10. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp. 340, 470, 600. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 196. ISBN   0-8131-9039-8.
  12. 1 2 3 Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-226-72117-0.
  13. 1 2 Kuo M. (July 2004). "Entoloma murraii". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  14. ↑ Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2007). Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 178. ISBN   978-0-8156-3112-5.
  15. 1 2 Baroni TJ, Halling RE (2000). "Some Entolomataceae (Agaricales) from Costa Rica". Brittonia. 52 (2): 121–35. doi:10.2307/2666502. JSTOR   2666502. S2CID   8631469.
  16. ↑ Horak E. (1975). "On cuboid-spored species of Entoloma (Agaricales)". Sydowia. 28 (1–6): 171–236 (see p. 183).
  17. ↑ McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 311. ISBN   0-395-91090-0.
  18. ↑ Malloch D. (2010). "Fleshy fungi (Basidiomycota) of the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone". In McAlpine DF, Smith IM (eds.). Assessment of Species Diversity in the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone. Ottawa, Canada: NRC Research Press. p. 121. ISBN   978-0-660-19835-4.
  19. ↑ Guzmán G, Montoya-Bello L, Bandla-Muñoz M (1986). "Nuevos registros de hongos del estado de Veracruz, II. Algunos Agaricales" [New records of fungi from the state of Veracruz Mexico II. Some Agaricales]. Revista Mexicana de Micología (in Spanish). 2: 73–84. ISSN   0187-3180.
  20. ↑ Murrill WA. (1911). "The Agaricaceae of Tropical North America: IV". Mycologia. 3 (6): 271–82. doi:10.2307/3753496. JSTOR   3753496.
  21. ↑ Gallart CAR. (1997). "Study of micromycetes from the Dominican Republic: Part III". Moscosoa (in Spanish). 9: 145–53. ISSN   0254-6442.
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