Erfurt Formation

Last updated
Erfurt Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ladinian
~242–237  Ma
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Unterkeuper Vellberg 110409a.jpg
Outcrop of the formation at the Schumann quarry near Vellberg
Type Geological formation
Unit of Lower Keuper
Sub-unitsBairdienkalk, Grenzdolomit, Lettenkeuper, Sandige Pflanzenschiefer, Untere Graue Mergel & Werksandstein Members
Underlies Grabfeld Formation
Overlies Upper Muschelkalk
Thickness20–700 m (66–2,297 ft) [1]
Lithology
Primary Marl
Other Claystone, dolomite, limestone, sandstone
Location
Coordinates 50°56′57″N11°04′12″E / 50.949036°N 11.070136°E / 50.949036; 11.070136
Approximate paleocoordinates 15°06′N16°36′E / 15.1°N 16.6°E / 15.1; 16.6
Region Baden-Württemberg, Thuringia
CountryFlag of Germany.svg  Germany
Extent Mittelgebirge, North German Plain
Type section
Named for Erfurt
Named by Hoffmann
Year defined1830
Relief Map of Germany.svg
Pink ff0080 pog.svg
Erfurt Formation (Germany)
Lithostratigraphy of the Keuper of the Germanic basin Keuper-Lithostratigrafie.svg
Lithostratigraphy of the Keuper of the Germanic basin

The Erfurt Formation, also known as the Lower Keuper (German: Untere Keuper, Lettenkeuper, Lettenkohle or Lettenkohlenkeuper), is a stratigraphic formation of the Keuper group and the Germanic Trias supergroup. It was deposited during the Ladinian stage of the Triassic period. [2] It lies above the Upper Muschelkalk and below the Middle Keuper. [1]

Contents

Definition

The formation was defined in Erfurt-Melchendorf in 1830 by Franz Xaver Hofmann and named for the nearby town of Erfurt. [1]

The Erfurt Formation is underlain by the Upper Muschelkalk. The lower boundary to the Erfurt Formation is the "Lettenkohlensandstein" in northern Germany and the "Grenz-bone-beds" in southern Germany.

The formation is a sequence of dolomite, lacustrine limestones, claystone, evaporites, and fluviatile sandstones. The color is usually grey but can also be brown or reddish brown. The average thickness is 60 to 80 meter, with a maximum thickness of 700 meter in the Glückstadt-Graben. [1]

The upper boundary is marked by dolomites, or claystones of the Grabfeld Formation. [1]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

The Erfurt Formation is known for its vertebrate fossils. Different kinds of fish, amphibians and archosauriforms have been found. Usually they are found as bone beds, but in 1977 the first complete skeletons were found near Kupferzell. They include Mastodonsaurus , Gerrothorax , Plagiosuchus , Callistomordax , Nanogomphodon , Batrachotomus , Kupferzellia and Palaeoxyris friessi . [3]

Reptiles

Reptiles reported from the Erfurt Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Batrachotomus B. kupferzellensis Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] An archosaur.
Batrachotomus1DB.jpg
Wirtembergia W. hauboldae Vellberg. [5] Untere Graue Mergel. [5] 2 partial dentaries (SMNS 91060 & SMNS 91061), [5] and a partial skeleton (SMNS 91313). [6] The oldest known rhynchocephalian.
Lepidosaur SMNS 91060 - 91060.png
Doswelliidae Gen. et. sp. indet. Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] An osteoderm (MHI 2078). [4] An archosauriform.
Fraxinisaura F. rozynekae Vellberg, Baden-Württemberg. [7] Untere Graue Mergel Layer. [7] A basal lepidosauromorph.
Jaxtasuchus J. salomoni Baden-Württemberg. [8] Estherienschichten to Anoplophora Dolomite. [8] Multiple skeletal remains. [8] A doswelliid.
Nothosaurus N. cristatusEschenau Quarry, Baden-Württemberg. [9] Lettenkeuper. [9] Almost complete skull lacking mandible (GPIT/RE/09800). [9] A nothosaur
N. mirabilisHoheneck & Molsdorf. [10] Upper Lettenkeuper. [10] Multiple specimens. [10] A nothosaur.
Nothosaurus mirabilis 01.jpg
N. sp. Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] 2 dorsal vertebrae & a thoracic rib. [4] A nothosaur.
Owenettidae, aff. Barasaurus Kupferzell locality & Schumann quarry. [11] Left humerus (SMNS 92101) & right humerus (SMNS 92100). [11] An owenettid.
Pappochelys P. rosinaeSchumann Quarry, Eschenau, Vellberg. [12] Top of Untere Graue Mergel. [12] 20 specimens. [12] A stem-turtle.
Bild2 Ur-Schildkrote Zeichnung.jpg
Polymorphodon P. adorfiSchumann Quarry, Vellberg. [13] Untere Graue Mergel. [13] Disarticulated partial skeletons. [13] An archosauriform.
Polymorphodon snout bones.png
Procolophonidae Gen. indet. sp. indet.Schumann Quarry. [11] Left humerus (SMNS 91753). [11] A procolophonid.
PsephosaurusP. suevicusQuarry "Hohenloher Steinwerk" & Hoheneck near Ludwigsburg. [14] Isolated plates (MHI 1426/1-3 & SMNS 91007). [14] A placodont.
Psephosaurus suevicus tooth.jpg
P. sp.Hoheneck near Ludwigsburg. [14] Isolated plates (SMNS 91008 & 91009). [14] A placodont.
Psephosaurus suevicus 78.jpg
Rutiotomodon R. tytthosSchumann limestone quarry. [15] Top of the Untere Graue Mergel. [15] A nearly complete right maxilla with teeth (SMNS 97028) & a crushed dentary fragment (SMNS 97029). [15] A trilophosaurid.
Simosaurus S. gaillardotiHoheneck near Ludwigsburg. [16] Lettenkeuper. [16] Skull. [16] A nothosaur.
Simosaurus gaillardoti 1.JPG
S. guilelmiHoheneck near Ludwigsburg. [16] Lettenkeuper. [16] Skull. [16] Junior synonym of S. gaillardoti.
Simosaurus gaillardoti 2.JPG
Smilodon S. laevis Gaildorf Alumn Mine. [17] Jaw fragment with teeth. [17] Preoccupied generic name, renamed Zanclodon laevis.
?Suchia Indeterminate Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] A tooth (MHI 2035). [4] An archosaur.
Tanystropheus T. conspicuusVertebrae. [18] Nomen dubium .
Tanystropheus conspicuus vertebrae.jpg
T. sp.Steinbach near Crailsheim. [18] Lower Lettenkeuper. [18] Teeth & vertebrae. [18] A tanystropheid.
Tanystrophaeus recon 6.jpg
Vellbergia V. bartholomaeiSchumann Quarry, Vellberg. [19] Untere Graue Mergel. [19] Partial skull (SMNS 91590). [19] A stem-lepidosauromorph.
Zanclodon Z. laevis Gaildorf Alumn Mine. [17] Jaw fragment with teeth. [17] An indeterminate archosaur.

Synapsids

Synapsids reported from the Erfurt Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Aff. Dinodontosaurus Neidenfels, Baden-Württemberg. [20] Isolated complete left humerus (SMNS 56891). [20] Specimen now thought to represent a temnospondyl. [20]
Nanogomphodon N. wildi Michelbach an der Bilz. [21] Sandige Pflanzenschiefer Member, lower Lettenkeuper. [21] Teeth. [21] A cynodont.

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Erfurt Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Bystrowiella B. schumanniKupferzell & Vellberg, Hohenlohe. [22] Untere Graue Mergel. [22] Osteoderms & vertebrae. [22] A chroniosuchian.
Bystrowiella-schumanni.jpg
Callistomordax C. kugleriVellberg (Schumann quarry), Ummenhofen quarry & Kupferzell locality. [23] Albertibank through Untere Graue Mergel. [23] Numerous specimens. [23] A metoposauroid.
Callistomordax kugleri fossil.jpg
Gerrothorax G. pulcherrimus Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] Two skull fragments and some osteoderms. [4] A plagiosaurid.
Gerrothorax BW.jpg
Mastodonsaurus M. giganteusMany localities in Baden-Württemberg, Bayern & in Thuringia. [4] [24] From the Grenzbonebed through the Hohenecker Kalk, covering nearly the whole Lettenkeuper sequence. [4] [24] Numerous specimens. [4] [24] A capitosaur.
Mastodonsaurus DB.jpg
Megalophthalma M. ockertiSchumann limestone quarry, Vellberg, Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany. [25] Hauptsandstein (main sandstone unit). [25] A partial skull with anterior portion of the left mandibular ramus (MHI 2047). [25] A plagiosaurid.
Megalophthalma.png
Plagiosuchus P. pustuliferusMultiple localities in Baden-Württemberg & Thuringia. [26] Vitriolschiefer, Sandige Pflanzenschiefer & Untere Graue Mergel. [26] Multiple specimens. [26] A plagiosaurid.
Plagiosuchus pustuliferus skeleton.jpg
?Temnospondyli Gen. et. sp. indet. Neidenfels & Schumann Quarry. [20] Untere Graue Mergel. [20] Isolated complete left humerus (SMNS 56891) & isolated almost complete right humerus (SMNS 90571). [20] Originally thought to represent a dicynodont similar to Dinodontosaurus . [20]
Trematolestes T. hagdorniPresent in a range of localities in southern Germany. [27] Estherienschichten through Untere Graue Mergel, upper Lettenkeuper. [27] Numerous specimens including a nearly-complete skeleton. [27] A trematosaurid.
Trematolestes12DB.jpg

Bony fish

Bony fish reported from the Erfurt Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
"Ceratodus""C." concinnus Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] Tooth plates, pterygoids & scales. [4] A lungfish.
?Coelacanthidae Gen. et. sp. indet. Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] Numerous remains. [4] A coelacanth.
Parundichna P. schoelli Rot am See, Baden-Württemberg. [28] Hauptsandstein. [28] Clusters of sigmoidal scratches (MHI 1704). [28] Swimming trace of a large coelacanth.
Ptychoceratodus P. serratus Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] A mould of a juvenile left praearticular tooth (MHI 410) & a fragment of a juvenile tooth plate (MHI 1748/42). [4] A lungfish.
Ptychoceratodus serratus.JPG
?Redfieldiiformes Fam., gen. et. sp. indet. Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] 2 fragmentary and dissociated skeletons. [4] A redfieldiiform.
Saurichthys S. gypsophilus Franconia. [29] Skull fragment. [29] A saurichthyiform.
S. sp. Schwäbisch Hall. [4] [29] Albertischichten Member (Serreolepisbank). [4] 1 fragmentary rostrum (MHI 1748/27). [4] [29] A saurichthyiform.
Saurichthys model.jpg
Serrolepis S. suevicus Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] Numerous specimens. [4] A perleidiform.

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Erfurt Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Lonchidion L. sp. Schwäbisch Hall. [4] Albertischichten Member (Serrolepisbank). [4] Teeth. [4] A hybodontiform.
Palaeoxyris P. friessiMuschelkalk quarry, Baden-Württemberg. [3] Top of Hauptsandstein. [3] SMNS 95447 (egg capsule). [3] Likely an egg capsule of Polyacrodus .

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References

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  2. Erfurt Formation at Fossilworks.org
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