Eriosoma ulmi

Last updated

Eriosoma ulmi
Eriosoma ulmi 01.JPG
Gall on an elm leaf
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Family: Aphididae
Subfamily: Eriosomatinae
Genus: Eriosoma
Species:
E. ulmi
Binomial name
Eriosoma ulmi
(Linnaeus, 1758) [1]
Synonyms
  • Chermes ulmiLinnaeus, 1758

Eriosoma ulmi, the elm-currant aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae found in Asia and Europe. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae , published in 1758. The mite causes abnormal plant growths, known as galls on their primary host, elm trees (Ulmus species). To complete there life-cycle they feed on a secondary host, the roots of currant bushes ( Ribes species).

Contents

Description of the gall

Primary host

The galls are yellowish-green or pinkish, contain wax and form when one half of a leaf becomes crinkled and rolls inwards to form a tubular pouch. They are found on American elm ( Ulmus americana ), wych elm ( Ulmus glabra ), field elm ( Ulmus minor ), English elm ( Ulmus procera ), Siberian elm ( Ulmus pumila ) and rock elm ( Ulmus thomasii ). Numerous aphids living in the gall in spring and early summer, are browish to dull green and covered in wax.

Winged aphids (all female) leave the gall in June and July, mating and living in the secondary host; currant bushes. The aphids live on the roots of currant bushes where they reproduce. The male and female progeny fly back to the elms in the autumn where the mated females lay eggs which overwinter. [2] [3] [4]

Predator

Anthocoris gallarumulmi is a predator of the aphids in the gall.

Similar galls

Eriosoma grossulariae galls and aphids are similar but are not covered or contain wax. [4]

Distribution

The aphid is found in Asia and most of Europe. In Asia it is found in the Oriental Region and Near East, while in Europe, it is found from Russia to Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula to Scandinavia. [1] In Great Britain it is common and widespread. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elm</span> Flowering, deciduous trees, family Ulmaceae

Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus in the family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North America and Eurasia, presently ranging southward in the Middle East to Lebanon and Israel, and across the Equator in the Far East into Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aphid</span> Superfamily of insects

Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A typical life cycle involves flightless females giving live birth to female nymphs—who may also be already pregnant, an adaptation scientists call telescoping generations—without the involvement of males. Maturing rapidly, females breed profusely so that the number of these insects multiplies quickly. Winged females may develop later in the season, allowing the insects to colonize new plants. In temperate regions, a phase of sexual reproduction occurs in the autumn, with the insects often overwintering as eggs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch elm disease</span> Elm tree fungal disease, spread by beetle

Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease was accidentally introduced into America, Europe, and New Zealand. In these regions it has devastated native populations of elms that did not have resistance to the disease. The name "Dutch elm disease" refers to its identification in 1921 and later in the Netherlands by Dutch phytopathologists Bea Schwarz and Christine Buisman, who both worked with professor Johanna Westerdijk. The disease affects species in the genera Ulmus and Zelkova, therefore it is not specific to the Dutch elm hybrid.

<i>Ulmus glabra</i> Species of flowering plant in the elm family Ulmaceae

Ulmus glabraHudson, the wych elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the Ural Mountains, and from the Arctic Circle south to the mountains of the Peloponnese and Sicily, where the species reaches its southern limit in Europe; it is also found in Iran. A large deciduous tree, it is essentially a montane species, growing at elevations up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), preferring sites with moist soils and high humidity. The tree can form pure forests in Scandinavia and occurs as far north as latitude 67°N at Beiarn in Norway. It has been successfully introduced as far north as Tromsø and Alta in northern Norway (70°N). It has also been successfully introduced to Narsarsuaq, near the southern tip of Greenland (61°N).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eriosomatinae</span> Subfamily of aphids

Woolly aphids are sap-sucking insects that produce a filamentous waxy white covering which resembles cotton or wool. The adults are winged and move to new locations where they lay egg masses. The nymphs often form large cottony masses on twigs, for protection from predators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buff-tip</span> Species of moth

The buff-tip is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found throughout Europe and in Asia to eastern Siberia. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

<i>Ulmus</i> Arno Elm cultivar

Ulmus 'Arno' is an Italian hybrid cultivar derived from a crossing of 'Plantyn' with the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila clone S.2. It was raised by the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP) in Florence, and released in 2007. However, 'Arno' was not a commercial success; propagation had ceased by 2010, and it is no longer patent protected.

<i>Ophiostoma ulmi</i> Species of fungus

Ophiostoma ulmi is a species of fungus in the family Ophiostomataceae. It is one of the causative agents of Dutch elm disease. It was first described under the name Graphium ulmi, and later transferred to the genus Ophiostoma.

<i>Aphis gossypii</i> Species of insect

Aphis gossypii is a tiny insect, an aphid ("greenfly") in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. It is a widely distributed pest of a variety of agricultural crops in the families Cucurbitaceae, Rutaceae and Malvaceae. Common names include cotton aphid, melon aphid and melon and cotton aphid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pineapple gall adelgid</span> Species of true bug

The pineapple gall adelgid is a species of conifer-feeding insect that forms pineapple-shaped plant galls on its host species, commonly Norway and Sitka spruce. The adelgids are pear-shaped, soft-bodied green insects with long antennae, closely related to the aphid. Adelges lays up to one hundred eggs at a time, one on each needle. Adelges abietis is one of the most common species; synonyms are A. gallarum-abietis, Chermes abietis and Sacciphantes abietis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phylloxeridae</span> Family of true bugs

Phylloxeridae is a small family of plant-parasitic hemipterans closely related to aphids with only 75 described species. This group comprises two subfamilies and 11 genera with one that is fossil. The genus type is Phylloxera. The Phylloxeridae species are usually called phylloxerans or phylloxerids.

<i>Dysaphis crataegi</i> Species of true bug

Dysaphis crataegi, the hawthorn-carrot aphid, is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants.

<i>Eriosoma lanigerum</i> Species of true bug

Eriosoma lanigerum, the woolly apple aphid, woolly aphid or American blight, is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants.

<i>Tetraneura akinire</i> Species of true bug

The oriental grass root aphid, Tetraneura akinire, is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants.

<i>Anthocoris gallarumulmi</i> Species of true bug

Anthocoris gallarumulmi is a true bug in the family Anthocoridae. The species is a West Palearctic species found on aphid-galled leaves of Ulmus minor and is a predator of the aphid Eriosoma ulmi It is also associated with aphid-leaf galls of Fraxinus excelsior, Ribes, Prunus spinosa and Crataegus monogyna.

Paracletus cimiciformis is a species of aphid with a complex life cycle. Its primary host plant is Pistacia and its secondary host is a grass, where it is present on the roots. Here it is associated with an ant and part of its life cycle is spent in the ant's nest.

<i>Tetraneura ulmi</i> Species of true bug

Tetraneura ulmi, the elm sack gall aphid and also known as a fig gall, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus and named in his Systema Naturae, published in 1758. The mite is found in Asia, Europe and North America, causing abnormal plant growths, known as galls on their primary host, elm trees (Ulmus species). They feed on a secondary host, the roots of various grasses.

<i>Eriosoma</i> (aphid) Genus of true bugs

Eriosoma is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Aphididae.

<i>Cryptomyzus ribis</i> Species of true bugs

Cryptomyzus ribis is a species of true bug found in Europe and described by the Swedish taxonomist, Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The larvae feed on the leaves of currant bushes, especially red currant, creating abnormal plant growths, known as galls.

References

  1. 1 2 "Eriosoma ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758)". Fauna Europaea. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  2. Chinery, Michael (2011). Britain's Plant Galls. A photographic guide. Old Basing, Hampshire: WildGuides. p. 42. ISBN   978-1903657-43-0.
  3. Ellis, W N. "Eriosoma ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758) elm-currant aphid". Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 Redfern, Margaret; Shirley, Peter; Bloxham, Michael (2011). British Plant Galls (Second ed.). Field Studies Council. pp. 339 & 426. ISBN   978-1-85153-284-1.