Erythronium propullans

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Erythronium propullans
ErythroniumPropullans.jpg
Status TNC G1.svg
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Erythronium
Species:
E. propullans
Binomial name
Erythronium propullans

Erythronium propullans, the Minnesota dwarf trout lily, Minnesota adder's tongue or Minnesota fawnlily, is a rare plant endemic to the Cannon River and North Fork Zumbro River watersheds in Rice County, Goodhue County and the extreme northern edge of Steele County, Minnesota, [4] in the United States. The plant is closely related to the white trout lily ( Erythronium albidum ) and is believed to have evolved less then 9,000 years ago. [5] It was listed as an endangered species of the United States under the Endangered Species Act in 1986. [3]

Contents

The plants flower in the spring at the same time as hepaticas, Dutchman's breeches, bloodroot, and other spring wildflowers. Nerstrand-Big Woods State Park, River Bend Nature Center, and several tracts owned by The Nature Conservancy protect portions of its habitat.

Description

Erythronium propullans is a perennial growing from a small bulb. It has smaller flowers than E. albidum, often only 1 cm long with a pinkish tint to them. [6] The fruits are also smaller than those of E. albidum, with the mature fruits nodding. [6] Offshoots are produced by flowering plants grow from the stem above the bulbs unlike E. albidum which are produced from the bulbs. [6] Erythronium propullans produces one stolon below the soil surface on the midway point of the stem on blooming plants; that stolon then produces a new bulb. On non-blooming plants, 1 to 3 stolons are produced directly from the bulbs, each ending in a new clone. [7]

Habitat

Erythronium propullans is found only in two counties in Minnesota (the only strictly endemic plant species in the state.) It is typically a woodland species most commonly found on north-facing slopes above or near streambeds. [6] It is found in areas with dense shade in the summer, but completes its growing period early in the year before trees are fully leafed out. [6]

Discovery

The lily was first noted by Mary Hodges, a high school science instructor at St. Mary's School (now Shattuck-St. Mary's) in Faribault, Minnesota, and then formally listed as a new species by botanist Asa Gray in 1871. [8] It is listed as both a federally and state endangered species. [6]

Reproduction

Research suggests that E. propullans rarely reproduces from seed on its own, but is highly dependent on vegetative reproduction, or limited cross pollination with Erythronium albidum , thus limiting population growth [9] and spread of the species.

Threats

The historical and current distribution of E. propullans is limited and the primary threats to the species include, development and flooding along the floodplains and ridges where it currently exists, trampling and recreational use impacts, as well as habitat changes brought on by invasive species such as common buckthorn ( Rhamnus cathartica ). Since the plants form large colonies of 100 or more clonal plants, the true number of distinctive individuals may number only around 400. [6] Attempts to propagate the species by humans have generally been unsuccessful. [6]

Related Research Articles

<i>Erythronium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Erythronium, the fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet or adder's tongue, is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family, most closely related to tulips. The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós) "red" in Greek, referring to the red flowers of E. dens-canis. Of all the established species, most live in North America; only six species are found in Europe and Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stolon</span> Horizontal connections between organisms

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<i>Erythronium albidum</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium albidum, the white fawnlily or white trout lily, is a small herbaceous geophyte in the lily family. It is also known as adder's tongue, whitedog's-tooth violet, serpent's tongue, trout lily, deer tongue, creeklily and yellow snowdrop. Large numbers of this plant indicate that the woodland has never been subjected to heavy machinery, where it would be unable to grow due to soil compaction.

<i>Erythronium americanum</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium americanum, the trout lily, yellow trout lily, fawn lily, yellow adder's-tongue, or yellow dogtooth violet, is a species of perennial, colony forming, spring ephemeral flower native to North America and dwelling in woodland habitats. Within its range it is a very common and widespread species, especially in eastern North America. The common name "trout lily" refers to the appearance of its gray-green leaves mottled with brown or gray, which allegedly resemble the coloring of brook trout.

<i>Calochortus nuttallii</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Erigenia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Erigenia bulbosa, also known as harbinger of spring or pepper and salt, is a flowering perennial plant in the family Apiaceae. E. bulbosa is the only species in the genus Erigenia and tribe Erigenieae. This plant is known as harbinger of spring because it is one of the earliest blooming native wildflowers of rich forests in the mid-latitude United States. Throughout most of its range it blooms from late February through early April.

<i>Erythronium revolutum</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Erythronium citrinum</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Erythronium oregonum</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium oregonum is a North American species of flowering plant in the lily family which is known by the common name giant white fawnlily or Oregon fawn-lily.

Erythronium pluriflorum is a rare species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae which is known by the common names manyflower fawn lily,golden fawn-lily, and Shuteye Peak fawn lily.

<i>Erythronium purpurascens</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium purpurascens is a species of flowering plant in the lily family which is known by the common names purple fawn lily and Sierra Nevada fawn lily.

<i>Erythronium pusaterii</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium pusaterii is a species of flowering plant in the lily family known by the common names Kaweah Lakes fawn lily and Hocket Lakes fawn lily.

<i>Rubus pubescens</i> Berry and plant

Rubus pubescens is a herbaceous perennial widespread across much of Canada and the northern United States, from Alaska to Newfoundland, south as far as Oregon, Colorado, and West Virginia.

<i>Erythronium taylorii</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium taylorii is a rare species of flowering plant in the lily family known by the common names Pilot Ridge fawn lily, Taylor's fawnlily, and Yosemite fawn lily. It is endemic to Tuolumne County, California, where it is known only from Pilot Ridge, a remote mountain ridge outside of Yosemite National Park. It was discovered in 1996 and described to science as E. taylori in 1997, and it is now called E. taylorii. There are at least 1000 individuals in the single known population. It occurs on shaded north-facing cliffs.

<i>Erythronium japonicum</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium japonicum, known as Asian fawn lily, Oriental fawn lily, Japanese fawn lily is a pink-flowered species trout lily, belonging to the Lily family and native to Japan, Korea, the Russian Far East and northeastern China. It is a spring ephemeral, blooming April–June in woodlands. It is known as zhūyáhuā (猪牙花) in Chinese, eolleji (얼레지) in Korean, and katakuri in Japanese.

Erythronium elegans is a rare species of flowering plant in the lily family known by the common names Coast Range fawnlily and elegant fawnlily. It is endemic to Oregon in the United States, where it is known from about 12 occurrences in the northern Coast Range.

<i>Erythronium umbilicatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium umbilicatum, the dimpled trout lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family. It is native to the Southeastern United States, primarily in the Piedmont and Southern Appalachian areas. It is reported from West Virginia, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia.

<i>Erythronium mesochoreum</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium mesochoreum, the prairie fawn lily or midland fawnlily, is a plant species in the lily family, native to the US states of Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas and Arkansas.

<i>Erythronium rostratum</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythronium rostratum, the yellow trout lily, yellow fawnlily, beaked trout lily, or golden-star, is a plant species native to the south-central part of the United States.

References

  1. ↑ NatureServe (1 September 2023). "Erythronium propullans". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  2. ↑ "Minnesota dwarf trout lily (Erythronium propullans)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  3. 1 2 51 FR 10521
  4. ↑ Sather, N. (1990). "Minnesota dwarf trout lily: an endangered Minnesota wildflower" (PDF). St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
  5. ↑ "Minnesota Fawnlily (Erythronium propullans) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Barbara Coffin; Lee Pfannmuller (1988). Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna. U of Minnesota Press. p. 97. ISBN   978-0-8166-1689-3.
  7. ↑ Allen, Geraldine A.; Robertson, Kenneth R. (2002). "Erythronium propullans". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2005-05-10– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  8. ↑ Gray, A. (1871). "A new species of Erythronium". American Naturalist. 5 (5). University of Chicago Press, American Society of Naturalists: 298–300. JSTOR   2447111.
  9. ↑ Banks, Jo Ann (1980). "The Reproductive Biology of Erythronium propullans Gray and Sympatric Populations of E. albidum Nutt. (Liliaceae)". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 107 (2). Torrey Botanical Society: 181–188. doi:10.2307/2484223. JSTOR   2484223.
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