Hepatica

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Hepatica
Hepatica nobilis plant.JPG
Hepatica nobilis
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily: Ranunculoideae
Tribe: Anemoneae
Genus: Hepatica
Mill.
Synonyms [1]
  • IsopyrumAdans.
Hepatica transsilvanica Hepatica transsylvanica.jpg
Hepatica transsilvanica

Hepatica (hepatica, [2] liverleaf, [3] or liverwort) [4] is a genus of herbaceous perennials in the buttercup family, native to central and northern Europe, Asia and eastern North America. Some botanists include Hepatica within a wider interpretation of Anemone . [5] [6]

Contents

Description

Bisexual flowers with pink, purple, blue, or white sepals and three green bracts appear singly on hairy stems from late winter to spring. Butterflies, moths, bees, flies and beetles are known pollinators.

The leaves are basal, leathery, and usually three-lobed, remaining over winter.

Taxonomy

Hepatica was described by the English botanist Philip Miller in 1754. [7] It was proposed as a subgenus of Anemone in 1836, [8] but later segregated into genus Hepatica.

Taxa

Hepatica nobilis flowers HepaticaNobilisMacro.jpg
Hepatica nobilis flowers
Hepatica in Europos Parkas, Lithuania Hepatica in Lithuania.jpg
Hepatica in Europos Parkas, Lithuania

As of January 2021, Kew's Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts 7  species and one hybrid in the genus Hepatica: [1]

One infraspecific taxon is also recognized by POWO: [9]

Hepatica can be divided into two series with respect to leaf edge:

Series Triloba

The leaves of the series Triloba Ulbr. [10] Tamura: [11] are three-lobed with a smooth leaf edge.

Series Angulosa

The leaves of series Angulosa (Ulbr.) [10] Tamura [11] are three- to five-lobed with a crenate leaf edge.

Etymology

The word hepatica derives from the Greek ἡπατικόςhēpatikós, from ἧπαρ hêpar 'liver', because its three-lobed leaf was thought to resemble the human liver. [25]

Distribution

Plants of genus Hepatica are native to Europe, Asia, and North America. [1]

Plants of the genus have been introduced to Belgium. [1]

Cultivation

Hepatica cultivation has been popular in Japan since the 18th century (mid-Edo period), where flowers with doubled petals and a range of colour patterns have been developed. [26]

Noted for its tolerance of alkaline limestone-derived soils, Hepatica may grow in a wide range of conditions; it can be found either in deeply shaded deciduous (especially beech) woodland and scrub or grassland in full sun. Hepatica will also grow in both sandy and clay-rich substrates, being associated with limestone. Moist soil and winter snowfall are required; Hepatica is tolerant of winter snow cover, but less so of dry frost.

Propagation is done by seeds or by dividing vigorous clumps in spring. However, seedlings take several years to reach bloom size, and divided plants are slow to thicken.

Uses

Hepatica was once used as a medicinal herb. Owing to the doctrine of signatures, the plant was once thought to be an effective treatment for liver disorders. Although poisonous in large doses, the leaves and flowers may be used as an astringent, as a demulcent for slow-healing injuries, and as a diuretic. [5]

Hepatica distribution EurAsia.png
Hepatica distribution America.png
Distribution map of "Hepatica" in Europe, Asia and North America. (Try according to natural distribution given in the wikipedia pages)

Related Research Articles

<i>Anemone</i> genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemone is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are commonly called windflowers. They are native to the temperate and subtropical regions of all continents except Australia and Antarctica. The genus is closely related to several other genera including Anemonoides, Anemonastrum, Hepatica, and Pulsatilla. Some botanists include these genera within Anemone.

<i>Elaeagnus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus, silverberry or oleaster, is a genus of about 50–70 species of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae.

<i>Weigela</i> Genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae

Weigela is a genus of between six and 38 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, growing to 1–5 m (3–15′) tall. All are natives of eastern Asia. The genus is named after the German scientist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel.

<i>Anemonoides quinquefolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides quinquefolia, a flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to North America. It is commonly called wood anemone or windflower, not to be confused with Anemonoides nemorosa, a closely related European species also known by these common names. The specific epithet quinquefolia means "five-leaved", which is a misnomer since each leaf has just three leaflets. A plant typically has a single, small white flower with 5 sepals.

<i>Anemone hepatica</i> Species of flowering plant

Anemone hepatica, the common hepatica, liverwort, kidneywort, or pennywort, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This herbaceous perennial grows from a rhizome.

<i>Symphyotrichum lateriflorum</i> A flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to eastern and central North America

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is a species of flowering plant of the aster family (Asteraceae) native to eastern and central North America. Commonly known as calico aster, starved aster, and white woodland aster, it is a perennial, herbaceous plant that may reach 120 centimeters high and 30 centimeters across. Each flower head has many tiny florets put together into what appear as one.

<i>Pulsatilla patens</i>

Pulsatilla patens is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Europe, Russia, Mongolia, and China. Common names include Eastern pasqueflower and cutleaf anemone.

<i>Hepatica americana</i> Species of flowering plant

Hepatica americana, the round-lobed hepatica, is a herbaceous flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is native to the eastern United States and Canada.

<i>Acmispon dendroideus</i> Species of legume

Acmispon dendroideus, synonym Syrmatium veatchii, is a species of legume native to California. It is known by the common name island broom. It is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, where it grows on coastal bluffs and cliffs. It is a spreading perennial herb or erect shrub approaching 2 meters in height. It is hairless to hairy and gray-green in color. The branches lined with leaves each made up of a few oval leaflike leaflets up to 1.5 centimeters long each. The inflorescence bears up to 10 yellow pealike flowers, each roughly a centimeter long and fading red as they age.

<i>Eriocapitella hupehensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Eriocapitella hupehensis, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet hupehensis, which means "from Hupeh province, China", refers to a region where the species is known to occur. In Chinese, it is called da po wan hua hua, which means "broken bowl flower".

<i>Lumnitzera</i> Genus of trees in the Combretaceae family growing from Africa to Asia to northern Australia

Lumnitzera is an Indo-West Pacific mangrove genus in the family Combretaceae. An English common name is black mangrove. Lumnitzera, named after the German botanist, Stephan Lumnitzer (1750-1806), occurs in mangroves from East Africa to the Western Pacific, and northern Australia.

<i>Eriocapitella rivularis</i> Species of flowering plant

Eriocapitella rivularis, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet rivularis means "waterside, of the rivers", which evidently refers to one of its preferred habitats. It is commonly called the riverside windflower. In Chinese, it is called cao yu mei, which means "grass jade plum".

<i>Hepatica acutiloba</i> Species of flowering plant

Hepatica acutiloba, the sharp-lobed hepatica, is a herbaceous flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is sometimes considered part of the genus Anemone, as Anemone acutiloba, A. hepatica, or A. nobilis.

<i>Eriocapitella</i> Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Eriocapitella is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are native to Asia. The generic name Eriocapitella roughly translates to "growing in a small woolly head", which refers to the hairy ovary and fruit of some members of the genus. Cultivated plants are commonly known as fall-blooming anemones.

Eriocapitella vitifolia, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet vitifolia means "vine-leaved, with leaves resembling those of Vitis", the genus of grapevines, and so the plant is commonly called the grape-leaved anemone or grape-leaved windflower. In Chinese, a common name is ye mian hua, which means "wild cotton".

Eriocapitella tomentosa, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet tomentosa means "thickly matted with hairs, tomentum (padding)". In Chinese, a common name is da huo cao, which means "fire grass" or "fireweed".

Eriocapitella japonica is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The specific epithet japonica means "from Japan", which is a misnomer since the species is introduced in Japan. It is native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

<i>Eriocapitella × hybrida</i> Hybrid of flowering plant

Eriocapitella × hybrida is a hybrid of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The parents of the hybrid are E. japonica and E. vitifolia. Cultivars of the hybrid are commonly known as Japanese anemone hybrids.

Elaeocarpus stipularis is a tree in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is found from the Aru Islands, eastern Indonesia, to Philippines, and through Mainland Southeast Asia to Odisha, India. It has edible fruit, its wood is used and some medical uses are ascribed to it.

<i>Hepatica transsilvanica</i> Species of plant in the genus Hepatica

Hepatica transsilvanica, called the large blue hepatica, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Hepatica, native to the Carpathian Mountains of Romania. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

References

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  2. Gleason, H.A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown Illustrated flora of the Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Volume 2: The chloripetalous Dicotyledoneae. Hafner Press, New York.
  3. Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York.
  4. Webster's Third International Dictionary
  5. 1 2 John Uri Lloyd; Curtis G. Lloyd (1884–1887). "Drugs and medicines of North America: Hepatica".
  6. Sara B. Hoot; Anton A. Reznicek; Jeffrey D. Palmer (Jan–Mar 1994). "Phylogenetic Relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) Based on Morphology and Chloroplast DNA". Systematic Botany. 19 (1): 169–200. doi:10.2307/2419720. JSTOR   2419720.
  7. "Hepatica Mill.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  8. "Anemone subgen. Hepatica (Mill.) Heer". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  9. 1 2 "Hepatica nobilis var. japonicaNakai". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  10. 1 2 Ulbrich, O.E.: Über die systematische Gliederung und geographische Verbreitung der Gattung Anemone L. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. (1905) 37: 172 - 257, 38: 257 - 334.
  11. 1 2 Tamura, M.: Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae” VII. Science reports of South College, North College of Osaka University, Japan 16:21-43, 1968.
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  13. Dutton, Bryan E.; Keener, Carl S.; Ford, Bruce A. (1997). "Anemone acutiloba". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 3. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 11 January 2021 via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  14. 1 2 Alan S. Weakley (April 2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas".
  15. "Hepatica americana(DC.) Ker Gawl.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  16. Dutton, Bryan E.; Keener, Carl S.; Ford, Bruce A. (1997). "Anemone americana". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 3. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 11 January 2021 via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  17. "Hepatica maxima(Nakai) Nakai". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  18. "Hepatica nobilisSchreb.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  19. "Hepatica falconeri(Thomson) Steward". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  20. "Hepatica henryi(Oliv.) Steward". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  21. STEWARD, A.N.: in Rhodora 29: 53. 1927
  22. Peters, Jürgen: Das etwas andere Leberblümchen: Hepatica yamatutai Nakai in ‚Gartenbotanische Blätter‘ 5/2000 der Gartenbotanischen Vereinigung in Deutschland
  23. "Hepatica × mediaSimonk.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  24. "Hepatica transsilvanicaFuss". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  25. Shorter Oxford English dictionary. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN   978-0199206872.
  26. Jon Ardle (2000). "Layers of Complexity". The Garden. Royal Horticultural Society.