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The Great Leap Forward was an economic and social campaign within the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1958 to 1962,led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Party Chairman Mao Zedong launched the campaign to reconstruct the country from an agrarian economy into an industrialized society through the formation of people's communes. Millions of people died in mainland China during the Great Leap,with estimates based on demographic reconstruction ranging from 15 to 55 million,making the Great Chinese Famine the largest or second-largest famine in human history.
The five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union,beginning in the late 1920s. The Soviet state planning committee Gosplan developed these plans based on the theory of the productive forces that formed part of the ideology of the Communist Party for development of the Soviet economy. Fulfilling the current plan became the watchword of Soviet bureaucracy.
The people's commune was the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas of the People's Republic of China during the period from 1958 to 1983,until they were replaced by townships. Communes,the largest collective units,were divided in turn into production brigades and production teams. The people's commune collectivized living and working practices. Many individual homes were abolished in favour of communal residences,with many houses taken apart and demolished. Regardless of age or relationship,many men and women lived separately,and often,multiple families were placed in the same communal homes. One's land,tools,resources were pooled together,with working hours and farming practices completely dictated by the CCP.
On the Ten Major Relationships is a speech by Mao Zedong which outlines how the People's Republic of China would construct socialism different from the model of development undertaken by the Soviet Union. It was delivered by Mao during an enlarged session of a Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party on April 25,1956,and further elaborated in the 7th Supreme State Conference on May 2 the same year.
The first five-year plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals,implemented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin,based on his policy of socialism in one country. Leon Trotsky had delivered a joint report to the April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialisation and the replacement of annual plans with five-year plans. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. Stalin's version of the five-year plan was implemented in 1928 and took effect until 1932.
The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China's economy from the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day. The speed of China's transformation in this period from one of the poorest countries to one of the world's largest economies is unmatched in history.
The Five-Year Plans of Vietnam are a series of economic development initiatives. The Vietnamese economy is shaped primarily by the Vietnamese Communist Party through the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of communism,mapping strategies for economic development,setting growth targets,and launching reforms.
On the eve of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921,Mongolia had an underdeveloped,stagnant economy based on nomadic animal husbandry. Farming and industry were almost nonexistent;transportation and communications were primitive;banking,services,and trade were almost exclusively in the hands of Chinese or other foreigners. Most of the people were illiterate nomadic herders,and a large part of the male labour force lived in the monasteries,contributing little to the economy. Property in the form of livestock was owned primarily by aristocrats and monasteries;ownership of the remaining sectors of the economy was dominated by Chinese or other foreigners. Mongolia's new rulers thus were faced with a daunting task in building a modern,socialist economy.
The Plan of Reconstructing the Economy,commonly known as the Three-Year Plan was a centralized plan created by the Polish communist government to rebuild Poland after the devastation of the Second World War. The plan was carried out between 1947 and 1949. It succeeded in its primary aim of largely rebuilding Poland from the devastation of the war,as well as in increasing output of Polish industry and agriculture.
Industrialization in the Soviet Union was a process of accelerated building-up of the industrial potential of the Soviet Union to reduce the economy's lag behind the developed capitalist states,which was carried out from May 1929 to June 1941.
At the time of its founding,the People's Republic of China was one of the poorest countries in the world. In the early 1950s,its industry developed rapidly through a state-led process heavily influenced by the Soviet experience. Aiming to close the gap between its political ambitions and its phase of development,China began the Great Leap Forward,which sought to even more rapidly industrialize the country. The effort largely failed,and its policies contributed to famine.
Cambodia was a farming area in the first and second millennia BC. States in the area engaged in trade in the Indian Ocean and exported rice surpluses. Complex irrigation systems were built in the 9th century. The French colonial period left the large feudal landholdings intact. Roads and a railway were built,and rubber,rice and corn grown. After independence Sihanouk pursued a policy of economic independence,securing aid and investment from a number of countries.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses.
Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". There are two broad types of communal farms:agricultural cooperatives,in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities as a collective;and state farms,which are owned and directly run by a centralized government. The process by which farmland is aggregated is called collectivization. In some countries,there have been both state-run and cooperative-run variants. For example,the Soviet Union had both kolkhozy and sovkhozy.
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy of the Soviet Union proposed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 as a temporary expedient. Lenin characterized the NEP in 1922 as an economic system that would include "a free market and capitalism,both subject to state control",while socialized state enterprises would operate on "a profit basis".
Agrarian socialism is a political ideology that promotes social ownership of agrarian and agricultural production as opposed to private ownership. Agrarian socialism involves equally distributing agricultural land among collectivized peasant villages. Many agrarian socialist movements have tended to be rural,locally focused,and traditional. Governments and political parties seeking agrarian socialist policies have existed throughout the world,in regions including Europe,Asia,North America,Latin America,and Africa.
The economy of the Soviet Union was based on state ownership of the means of production,collective farming,and industrial manufacturing. An administrative-command system managed a distinctive form of central planning. The Soviet economy was characterized by state control of investment,prices,a dependence on natural resources,lack of consumer goods,little foreign trade,public ownership of industrial assets,macroeconomic stability,low unemployment and high job security.
The economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania was centrally planned,similar to the one of the Soviet Union. Most of the means of production were owned by the state,which established production plans as part of the Five-Year Plans.
The history of the Cooperative Movement in China began a quarter of the way into the 20th century,when Chinese modernizers and sympathetic foreigners promoted cooperatives as a tool for reforming the Chinese economy.
The 2nd Five-Year Plan was the second five-year plan adopted by the People's Republic of China. It was planned to last from 1958 to 1962,and was more modest than the first Five-Year Plan,but was de facto abandoned since the beginning of the Great Leap Forward.
References
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hou, Li (2021). Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-26022-1.
- 1 2 Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084.
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- ↑ "China's First Five-Year Plan – achievement at the expen". Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
- ↑ "Five-year plans of China について". www.kotoba.ne.jp. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
- ↑ Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. OCLC 1145096137.
- ↑ "China The First Five-Year Plan, 1953–57". Library of Congress. Retrieved 12 May 2009.