First Theater | |
---|---|
First theater in California | |
Location | Pacific Street, Monterey, California |
Coordinates | 36°36′11″N121°53′43″W / 36.60306°N 121.89528°W |
Built | 1845-47 |
Built for | Jack Swan |
Original use | Saloon |
Restored | 1920 |
Current use | Closed |
Architectural style(s) | Adobe and wood |
Owner | State of California |
Website | ohp |
Reference no. | 136 |
The First Theater also known as the First theater in California, is a historic adobe and wood building in Monterey, California, United States. It was built in 1846-1847 as a lodging house and tavern for sailors, by English seaman and pioneer Jack Swan. Swan's Saloon staged the inaugural theatrical presentations in California. On January 31, 1934, the building was officially designated a California Historical Landmark #136. [1]
The First Theater was built by English mariner Jack Swan (see below) during 1845–47, when he purchased a plot of land on the old Calle Estrada, now the southwest corner of Pacific and Scott Streets, near the Custom House. This was before the American occupation in July 1846. The building was developed in two stages: the smaller wooden portion was erected around 1845, using lumber salvaged from a shipwreck, serving initially as both a boarding house and a tavern catering to traveling sailors coming to shore from Monterey Bay. There were four sets of two-room units, each equipped with exterior doors on the east and west sides, as well as a fireplace in the rear room. These units were divided by partitions that could be raised or lowered. [2] [3] [4]
Subsequently, this establishment, along with other saloons, was closed down under the directive of Rev. Walter Colton, the American authority serving as Monterey's Alcalde (mayor). [5]
The larger rectangular adobe building was added, by Swan, in the autumn of 1847 to function as a boarding house for sailors but was converted into a theater. This change occurred when four soldiers from Santa Barbara organized a minstrel show, collaborating with three resident comedians from the local community. Stretching to 75 ft (23 m) in length and 12 ft (3.7 m) feet in width, this space could comfortably accommodate two hundred people. It featured a pit and a stage as well. A curtain made of wood, suspended on hinges, functioned as a partition that could be raised and lowered. The programs for the entertainments were handwritten, while the bills and posters were produced using a blacking pot and brush for printing. [6] [7]
By 1848, the United States Army officers stationed in the Presidio of Monterey, California, including Colonel Jonathan D. Stevenson's 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers and Lieutenant Alfred Sully, were looking for a place to put on plays and comedies. They organized theatrical productions under the guidance of Actor/Manager Charles E. Bingham. Rebranded as "The Union Theatre for the production of Melodramas," [2] Swan fitted the establishment with a modest stage, benches for seating, whale-oil lamps, footlight candles, and makeshift curtains for the shows, priced at $5 (equivalent to $176in 2022) per ticket. The venture garnered $500 (equivalent to $17,588in 2022) during its inaugural show, a substantial amount for that era. [3] [8]
The troupe members delivered California's first paid performance, presenting Putnam, the Iron Son of '76 thereby officially designating Swan's adobe as the "First Theater in California." [9] Between 1848 and 1850, a span of twenty-one months saw the production of various plays, [7] including Box and Cox, Damon and Pythias, and the balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet. [10]
From 1850 to 1896, Swan leased out his adobe and embarked on a pursuit of gold in the Sierra Nevada, prospecting along the American River. Over the subsequent 46 years, the adobe building served various roles, functioning as a lodging house, whaling station (with the addition of a lookout tower in the 1850s), a drug store during the 1870s, gift shop, and ultimately transitioning into a tea room and shop. [7] [9] [11]
The smaller structure was inhabited by Fred Smith (1881-1919), who operated a curio shop within its walls for approximately twenty years. The larger adobe building remained vacant, gradually succumbing to deterioration following Swan's death in 1896. [3] [12]
In 1905, the California Historic Landmarks League, a consortium of Monterey residents (including William Randolph Hearst), acquired the building, subsequently donating it to the State of California in 1906. [3] The state legislature allocated funds for its complete restoration and by 1920, the restoration efforts had concluded, leading to the reopening of the long rectangular adobe as a museum. [7] [9] [13] On display in the museum were articles, including some that were over two hundred and fifty years old. An additional room was used as a tea-serving area. [6]
On January 31, 1934, the State Department of Parks and Recreation & City of Monterey declared the building a California Historical Landmark #136. [1]
On June 3, 1937, the theater resumed its activities under the stewardship of Denny-Watrous Management from Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. They embraced the challenge and chose an 1880s melodrama titled Tatters, the Pet of Squatter's Gulch, which became the first performance within the historic adobe after a hiatus of more than 75 years. [14]
On September 3, 1937, Denny-Watrous Management obtained a lease for the building, sponsored by the Monterey History and Art Association, with the purpose of hosting theatrical performances, which marked the commencement of the Troupers of the Gold Coast's residency. They staged the melodrama, In the Shadow of the Rockies, which achieved tremendous success. [14] From 1937 until 1999, the Troupers of the Gold Coast rejuvenated the theater's original melodramas, resurrecting performances from the 1850s. [9] [15] [3] [2] On May 31, 1947, marking its tenth anniversary, the following passage appeared in The Herald: "Being the sole 'legitimate' theater offering year-round weekend presentations of classic melodramas between San Francisco and Santa Barbara, its one-of-a-kind history and uproarious entertainment draw visitors from along the entire coastline." [9]
As of 1965, presentations were still taking place at California's inaugural theater. The Troupers of the Gold Coast maintained the tradition for over 50 years, closing for renovation in 1999. [16]
The Monterey State Historic Park Association (MSHPA) is currently actively engaged in extensive repair efforts. In the near future, the building is set to welcome both special events and the public, specifically for the "Christmas in the Adobes" festivities. [3] [7]
John Alfred "Jack" Swan was born on November 22, 1817, in London, England. He was the tenth child among eleven siblings. His parents, hailing from Scotland, joined in matrimony in Edinburgh before eventually relocating to London shortly after the birth of their first son. When he reached the age of 10, Swan, along with two elder brothers, commenced employment aboard a vessel belonging to their merchant uncle. Following the uncle's business collapse, Swan journeyed back to his parents in London, where he pursued an apprenticeship in 1832 aboard the schooner Barkley. By the time he turned 14, he embarked on a voyage, traversing the Mediterranean and seeing the Old World. At the age of 24, Swan had effectively journeyed across the globe through his own labor. Most of the year of 1842 was spent in England, where he reunited with family, bid his final farewell to his mother, and then embarked for Valparaíso, Chile in February 1843. Progressing from there, he made his way to Monterey, California in the summer of 1843 aboard the vessel Soledad. Within Monterey, Swan embarked on a new path, initiating his journey by becoming a baker, crafting Swan's pies that garnered the favor of Yankees en route to the Mexican capital of Alta California. [5] [13]
Following the 1849 California Gold Rush, a significant portion of the population, Swan included, journeyed to northern California with hopes of striking it rich. In 1885, following a life marked by the highs and lows of the gold rush era, Swan concluded his journey and retired to his old adobe home without any financial resources. [7] [13]
Swan died of a heart attack on January 6, 1896, at the County Hospital near Salinas, at the age of 77. He died without any descendants. Other town pioneers organized the funeral arrangements, overseen by Rev. R. Rogers, the clergyman of the First Presbyterian Church, who conducted the services. His body was conveyed to Monterey for interment at the Monterey City Cemetery. [7] [17]
The Online Archive of California contains the collection known as the Guide to the California First Theater Collection. The collection titled California First Theater Collection encompasses a range of documents, artifacts, and mementos associated with California's oldest theater venue. Most of the materials pertain to the theater's final significant era of operation spanning from 1937 to 1999. Furthermore, the collection holds substantial records capturing the essence of modern theatrical performances in San Francisco, Chicago, and New York City. [13]
Monterey is a city located in Monterey County on the southern edge of Monterey Bay on the U.S. state of California's Central Coast. Founded on June 3, 1770, it functioned as the capital of Alta California under both Spain (1804–1821) and Mexico (1822–1846). During this period, Monterey hosted California's first theater, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing-press, and newspaper. It was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. In 1846, during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848, the United States Flag was raised over the Customs House. After Mexico ceded California to the U.S. at the end of the war, Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849.
Carmel-by-the-Sea, often simply called Carmel, is a city in Monterey County, California, United States, founded in 1902 and incorporated on October 31, 1916. Situated on the Monterey Peninsula, Carmel is known for its natural scenery and rich artistic history. In 1906, the San Francisco Call devoted a full page to the "artists, writers and poets at Carmel-by-the-Sea", and in 1910 it reported that 60 percent of Carmel's houses were built by citizens who were "devoting their lives to work connected to the aesthetic arts." Early City Councils were dominated by artists, and several of the city's mayors have been poets or actors, including Herbert Heron, founder of the Forest Theater, bohemian writer and actor Perry Newberry, and actor-director Clint Eastwood, who served as mayor from 1986 to 1988.
Monterey State Historic Park is a historic state park in Monterey, California. It includes part or all of the Monterey Old Town Historic District, a historic district that includes 17 contributing buildings and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970. The grounds include California's first theatre, and the Monterey Custom House, where the American flag was first raised over California.
The Forest Theater is an historic amphitheater in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. Founded in 1910, it is one of the oldest outdoor theaters west of the Rockies. Actor/director Herbert Heron is generally cited as the founder and driving force, and poet/novelist Mary Austin is often credited with suggesting the idea. As first envisioned, original works by California authors, children's theatre, and the plays of Shakespeare were the primary focus. Since its inception, a variety of artists and theatre groups have presented plays, pageants, musical offerings and other performances on the outdoor stage, and the facility's smaller indoor theatre and school.
The Golden Bough Playhouse is a historic two-story theatre in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California on Monte Verde St., between 8th and 9th Avenues. The playhouse occupies the site of the former Carmel Arts and Crafts Club, Carmel's first cultural center and theatre, built in 1906–1907 on Casanova Street, and the Arts and Crafts Hall, built in 1923–1924 on an adjacent lot on Monte Verde Street. Since 1994, the facility has been owned and operated by Pacific Repertory Theatre, Monterey County's only year-round professional theatre company. A two-phase renovation of the aging facility began with an interior building project in 2011. A second phase project, including both interior and exterior renovations, is scheduled for 2021. The theatre was recorded with the National Register of Historic Places on July 3, 2002. It is significant as a California historic building because it is located on the original site of the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club and theatre, the oldest performing arts venues in Carmel.
The Jose Eusebio Boronda Adobe is a Monterey Colonial style building from 1846, located in Salinas, Monterey County, California. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and is a California Historical Landmark.
John Alfred "Jack" Swan, also known as Jack Swan, was a prominent California pioneer who arrived in Monterey in 1843. He is credited with founding the First theater in California, around 1845, and helping Commodore John Drake Sloat raise the American flag over the Custom House, declaring California as part of the United States during the American Conquest of California.
Robert Stanton (1900-1983) was an American architect. A resident of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, he practiced primarily in the central California coastal region, and was responsible for a variety of eclectic buildings, most notably the Monterey County Court House and the King City Joint Union High School Auditorium, both listed on the National Register of Historic Places. He worked closely with sculptor Joseph Jacinto Mora on several of his projects.
Thomas Albert Work was an American businessman and banker of Pacific Grove, California, known around Monterey as T. A. Work. He was owner of the T. A. Work company that made him the single largest business property owner on the Monterey Peninsula. He owned several banks, including the First National Bank of Monterey, Bank of Pacific Grove, Salinas, and the Bank of Carmel.
Hugh White Comstock was an American designer and master builder who lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. He and Michael J. Murphy were responsible for giving Carmel its unique architectural character. Comstock developed a "Fairy Tale," storybook architectural style, that has been closely identified with Carmel. Twenty-one of his cottages remain in the area today. Comstock developed a modern use of adobe in the construction of a post-adobe brick called "Bitudobe."
The Carmel Arts and Crafts Club was an art gallery, clubhouse founded in 1905, by Elsie Allen, a former art instructor for Wellesley College. The club was located at Monte Verde Street in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, where the Golden Bough Playhouse is today. The clubhouse served as the Carmel community cultural center. It held dramatic performances, poetry readings, lectures, and was a summer school for the arts. Between 1919 and 1948 Carmel was the largest art colony on the Pacific coast.
Edward Gerhard Kuster was a musician and attorney from Los Angeles for twenty-one years before coming to Carmel-by-the-Sea, California in 1921. He became involved in theater and establish his own theatre and school. He built the Theatre of the Golden Bough in 1924, and a second theater, the Golden Bough Playhouse in 1952. Kuster directed 85 plays and acted in more than 50 roles in the 35 years he lived in Carmel.
The Vásquez House, also known as Vásquez Adobe, is a historic two-story adobe building located at 546 Dutra Street in Monterey, California. It was occupied by Dolores a sister of Tiburcio Vásquez (1835–1875), who was a Californio bandido that was active in California from 1854 to 1874. The building is listed as a California Historical Landmark #351. It is owned by the City of Monterey, which uses it as the administrative office of its Park and Recreation Department.
Ernest Seraphin Schweninger was an American actor and grocer in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. His parents built the Schweninger Building in 1906, known today as the Carmel Bakery. Schweninger was founder and charter member of the Carmel American Legion Post No. 512. He was the owner of the Schweninger's Grocery and first Carmel Bakery on Ocean Avenue. He appeared in many of the early plays at the Forest Theater and Theatre of the Golden Bough. He became a partner and sales manager for the Carmel Land Company that helped develop Hatton Fields, southeast of Carmel-by-the-Sea.
José Manuel Boronda, was the first ranchero settler in Carmel Valley, California. He and Vicente Blas Martínez were given the 6,625-acre (26.81 km2) Rancho Los Laureles Mexican land grant in present-day Monterey County, California on September 20, 1839, by Governor Juan Alvarado. Many of the Boronda historic sites still exist, including the Los Laureles Lodge, Carmel Valley Village, Road-Boronda Road Eucalyptus Tree Row, Manuel Boronda Adobe (1817), José Manuel Boronda Adobe, and the Jose Eusebio Boronda Adobe.
Bertha Newberry was an American playwright, poet, and longtime resident of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. She was the wife of Carmel mayor Perry Newberry. She gained recognition as an actress and for being the author of the Egyptian play titled "The Toad," that was staged in 1912 at the Forest Theater in Carmel. Four of her poems were chosen as part of The Anthology of California Poets in 1932.
Hazel Watrous was an American writer who was co-founder of Denny-Watrous Management. The company presented performances in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. She and Dene Denny played roles in founding the Carmel Music Society, the Carmel Bach Festival, and Monterey's First Theater. Their home, the Denny-Watrous Studio, became a hub for hosting musical concerts and lectures. In addition, they established the Denny-Watrous Gallery.
Dene Denny was an American musical theater producer who, along with co-founder Hazel Watrous, established the Denny-Watrous Management. They played pivotal roles in the inception of the Carmel Music Society, the Carmel Bach Festival, and Monterey's First Theater. Their residence, the Denny-Watrous Studio, served as a hub for hosting musical concerts and lectures. Watrous and Denny held a strong belief that Carmel had the potential to become the "epicenter of world-class music."
Allen Knight, an American merchant seaman and political figure in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. He had eight years on the Carmel City Council, a two-year mayoral term, and a 23-year tenure on the Carmel Sanitary District Board.
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