Forcipomyia

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Forcipomyia
A Forcipomyia sp. sucks hemolymph from Nemophora metallica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Ceratopogonidae
Subfamily: Forcipomyiinae
Genus: Forcipomyia
Meigen, 1818
Subgenera

See text

Forcipomyia is a genus of biting midges in the subfamily Forcipomyiinae. Species of the subgenus Lasiohelea suck vertebrate blood. Some species are ectoparasites on larger insects. Other species in the genus are important pollinators of the cacao tree ( Theobroma cacao ). [1] There are at least 1,000 described species in Forcipomyia. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Contents

It is often repeated that a species of Forcipomyia has the highest recorded wing-beat frequency at 1046 Hz, citing a paper by Finnish entomologist Olavi Sotavalta published in 1953. [6] [7] [8] [9] The actual wing-beat frequency given for an unmanipulated individual in Sotavalta's 1953 paper is 800–950 Hz [10] , and the figure of 1046Hz instead appears in Sotavalta's 1947 PhD thesis. [11] Sotavalta was able to induce a wing-beat frequency as high as 2218 Hz by clipping the midge's wings close to the base and heating it to 37° C, shortly after which the midge died. [12]

Subgenera

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kaufmann, T. (June 1975). "Studies on the ecology and biology of a cocoa pollinator, Forcipomyia squamipennis I. & M. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), in Ghana". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 65 (2): 263–268. doi:10.1017/S0007485300005940.
  2. ↑ "Forcipomyia Genus Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  3. ↑ "Forcipomyia Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  4. ↑ "Forcipomyia Overview". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  5. ↑ "Browse Forcipomyia". Catalogue of Life. Archived from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  6. ↑ Scherer, C.W. (May 8, 1995). "Chapter 9: Fastest Wing Beat". University of Florida Book of Insect Records.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ Bell, James R.; Shephard, Graham (February 2025). "How aphids fly: Take-off, free flight and implications for short and long distance migration". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 27 (1): 91–92 – via Wiley.
  8. ↑ Hedenström, Anders (March 2014). "How Insect Flight Steering Muscles Work". PLOS Biology. 12 (3): 1.
  9. ↑ Yorulmaz, Atif (May 1, 2018). "Insects at the Extremes". The Fountain.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ↑ Sotavalta, Olavi (June 1953). "Recordings of High Wing-Stroke and Thoracic Vibration Frequency in Some Midges". Biological Bulletin. 104 (3): 442.
  11. ↑ Sotavalta, Olavi (1947). "The Flight-Tone (Wing-Stroke Frequency) of Insects". Acta Entomological Fenneca. 4: 21, 102.
  12. ↑ Sotavalta, Olavi (June 1953). "Recordings of High Wing-Stroke and Thoracic Vibration Frequency in Some Midges". Biological Bulletin. 104 (3): 442–443.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Yu, Y.X.; Liu, J.H.; Liu, G.P.; Liu, Z.J.; Hao, B.S.; Yan, G.; Zhao, T.S. Ceratopogonidae of China, Insecta, Diptera. 2 vols (in Chinese). Beijing: Military Medical Science Press. pp. viii +1699 pp.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Debenham, M.L. (1987). "The biting midge genus Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Australasian Region (exclusive of New Zealand) II. Warmkea and the Caloforcipomyia group of subgenera". Invertebrate Taxonomy. 1 (2): 167–199. doi:10.1071/IT9870167.
  15. ↑ Wirth, W.W.; Dow, M. I. (1971). "Studies on the genus Forcipomyia III. Blantonia, a new subgenus in the Trichohelea complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)". Florida Entomologist. 54 (4): 289–295. doi:10.2307/3493588. JSTOR   3493588.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Saunders, L.G. (1957). "Revision of the genus Forcipomyia based on characters of all stages (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 34(1956): 657–705.
  17. ↑ Debenham, M.L. (1987). "The biting midge genus Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Australasian Region (exclusive of New Zealand) IV: The subgenera allied to Forcipomyia, s.s., and Lepidohelea and the interrelationships and biogeography of the subgenera of Forcipomyia". 1. Invertebr. Taxon. (6): 631–684.
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