The first-generation Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable are automobiles produced by Ford as the first of six generations of the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable. Launched on December 26, 1985, as a 1986 model,[4] the front-wheel-drive Taurus was a very influential design that is credited with saving Ford from bankruptcy,[4] bringing many innovations to the marketplace[4] and starting the trend towards aerodynamic design for the American automakers in the North American market.[4]Ford of Europe had launched the 1980s move to aerodynamic design for the company with the 1982 Ford Sierra.
Development for the first-generation Taurus started in the early 1980s to replace the Ford LTD,[4] at the cost of billions of dollars, with a team led by the vice president in charge of car development Lewis Veraldi dubbed "Team Taurus." Ford was suffering from a lackluster product line from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, and then-chairman Philip Caldwell staked much of the finances and future of the company on Veraldi and his team's success, giving them unprecedented leeway in developing what would become the Taurus. The Taurus' development employed a strategy of teamwork and customer communication that would prove very influential for the automotive industry,[4] as it consolidated all of Ford's designers, engineers, and marketing staff into a group who worked on the car collectively.[4] The Taurus' development was initially kept very secret by Ford,[4] and not much was revealed about the final Taurus until it was unveiled in 1985.[4]
After its release, the Taurus became a strong seller, as over 200,000 would be sold in the 1986 model year,[4] and over a million were sold by 1989.[4] This generation of Taurus garnered additional sales by its two variants: a Mercury version entitled the Sable, and a high-performance version entitled the SHO, and its engine and drivetrain would be used on the 1988 Lincoln Continental. This generation of Taurus continued with only minor changes until it was replaced in 1991 by the second-generation Ford Taurus. When production ended in 1991, more than 2,000,000 First-generation Tauruses had been sold.[5]
Development and release
1983 Taurus wagon clay model along with many of the original design sketches.
When Ford set out to develop the Taurus, they employed a teamwork strategy that would be revolutionary in the car development process.[4] Previously, at both Ford and General Motors, interior and exterior designers worked separately with no input from each other or from engineers. As a result, the interiors and exteriors of many American cars seemed "mismatched."[4] Taurus development started in the spring of 1980 upon Ford executive board approval,[6][7] using a method similar to that Ford used when developing the Escort, in which engineers from all Ford branches worldwide worked together.[8] Unlike the Escort, though, the Taurus was developed entirely by American engineers at Ford's headquarters.[4] The new engineering team was assembled by designer Jack Telnack, and was dubbed "Team Taurus."[4] Under Telnack, responsible for the sedan exterior was Ray Everts and wagon exterior was Jeff Teague.[9]
The Taurus went through many revisions throughout its development. Original prototypes contained a full glass roof similar to that of the Subaru SVX, though it was deemed "too radical" and abandoned.[4] Applying lessons learned from the Edsel, customer input played an instrumental role in the Taurus' development, as many components, including radios, steering wheels, seats, wheels, and entire suspension setups were selected by large numbers of average people through a series of surveys conducted by Ford.[4] In addition, Ford disassembled many competing cars such as the Toyota Camry, the Honda Accord, and the more luxurious BMW 5 Series[10] in order to examine their parts and components.[4]
Ford resoundingly premiered the Taurus. In mid-1985, Ford gathered executives and the press for the unveiling of the Taurus and Mercury Sable. The event took place at the MGM Studios Soundstage 85, where Gone with the Wind had been filmed.[4] The studio was decorated in a space theme, with stars on the walls, flying saucer decorations, and refreshments served in flying saucer-shaped coolers.[4] For the unveiling, "space" music started playing, as projected stars floated around the room in dance floor fashion. The outlines of the cars glowed green through the curtain; as the curtain flew up, strobe lights flashed, highlighting the cars.[4]
Many industry journalists, as well as executives at Ford and Chrysler, believed the Taurus was going to be a failure.[4] Chrysler executives believed customers would instead embrace their more conventional Dodge Dynasty and Chrysler New Yorker, which were still in development at the time.[4] Executives at Ford knew producing the Taurus was a gamble, as they ran the risk of the car being so advanced it would turn off potential customers, as was the case with the Edsel. As a result, Ford continued to produce the LTD, which the Taurus was designed to replace in 1986.[4] If the Taurus failed, Ford would have to file for Chapter 11bankruptcy.[4] The Taurus, however, ended up being a resounding success, selling over a million units in its first generation alone.[4]
Reception
After being unveiled in 1985, the Taurus quickly became one of the most anticipated new cars of 1986.[4] Before going on sale, Motor Trend tested a few Taurus prototypes, and praised the cars extensively, even calling them "the shape of tomorrow."[11]Popular Mechanics also tested pre-production Tauruses, and praised them as well, describing them as a "totally new breed of car."[12] When the Taurus was released in 1985, it garnered unanimous critical praise from automotive publications. It went on to win many awards, most notably being named Motor Trend's Car of the Year for 1986,[13] as well as being named on Car and Driver's Ten Best List for 1986.
The 1986 Taurus LX used by Motor Trend for their 1986 Car of the Year testing on display at the Henry Ford Museum's Showroom of Automotive History exhibit
It was also received very well by the public, as over 200,000 Tauruses were sold for the 1986 model year.[4] Its radical design was also noticed by the film industry, which began using modified Taurus models in future-themed films, such as Back to the Future Part II. Most notably, the Taurus was prominently featured in the 1987 action film RoboCop, where modified 1986 LX sedans are used as police vehicles driven by the titular character; one of the Taurus sedans used in filming is on display at the Branson Auto Museum in Branson, Missouri.[14] In 1989, the millionth Taurus was sold[4] after three years in production.
The 1986 Taurus continues to receive positive press, recognizing its lasting influence on the automobile industry. It was number 6 on USA Today's 2007 list of "25 Cars That Made a Difference",[15] and was named a "Future Classic" by Autoblog.[16] The 1986 Taurus tested by Motor Trend is currently featured in the Henry Ford Museum's Showroom of Automotive History exhibit, in which it is touted as "one of the two most significant American automobiles of the 1980s", the other being the Chrysler minivan.[17]
In 1988, the Taurus was exported to Japan in limited numbers and sold at Japanese auto dealerships called Autorama (a joint venture with Mazda), where the Taurus LX and the SHO were available in both sedan and wagon versions with left-hand driving positions until 1991. To Japanese buyers, it was regarded as a luxury vehicle as the exterior dimensions and engine displacement exceeded Japanese government regulations, and buyers in Japan were liable for additional taxes. The engines offered to Japanese customers, both the 2.5 liter four cylinder and the 3.0 liter V6, also obligated Japanese drivers to pay more annual road tax, which affected sales.
Overview
Exterior
1986-1989 Ford Taurus GL
The exterior of the Taurus used an aerodynamic design, often likened to a 'jelly bean' or 'flying potato,'[18] inspired by the design of the Audi 100 and Ford's own Tempo.[4] The aerodynamic design of the Taurus also made the car more fuel efficient, allowing Ford to meet the more stringent Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards applied by the United States government.[4] The Taurus' success ultimately led to an American automobile design revolution; Chrysler and General Motors developed aerodynamic cars in order to capitalize on the Taurus' success.[4]
1989–1991 Ford Taurus. Note the changes to the front end.In Mexico, the Mercury Sable was sold as the Taurus.
The Taurus is credited with bringing many new design features into the mainstream marketplace.[4] The Taurus used flush aerodynamic composite headlights and was one of the first American sedans to do so. Originally, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) required that all cars sold in the United States use standardized round or rectangular sealed beam headlights. Ford had to convince them to change the rule to allow the headlights be any shape, as long as they met federal lighting standards.[4]
Also, instead of a grille, the Taurus had a front panel to adopt a grille-less 'bottom breather' nose, first pioneered by the Citroën DS in the 1950s.[19] The Taurus' doors flowed up into the roof, designed to make the interior airtight, and had the door handles and windows flush with the rest of the car.[4] The bumpers on the Taurus were designed to also be incorporated with the rest of the car's design, being flush with the rest of the body. The wheels were also pushed out to the ends of the frame, and were flush with the fender, instead of being recessed into the fender. This not only improved the car's aerodynamics, but it also improved handling as well.[4]
These design features helped to make the Taurus one of the most aerodynamic cars of its time, with an aerodynamic drag ratio of 0.32.[20] Many of the design features were adopted, and are still used today, on most cars.[4] Because of this, the exterior only received minor changes throughout the first-generation's production run.[21] The only major change came in 1988, when the Taurus received a new slimmer grille and headlights, with a full-length chrome bar underneath for model year 1989.[21]
Interior
The interior of a 1986 Taurus LX equipped with the column-mounted shifter and front bench seat configuration.
Along with the exterior of the Taurus, its interior is credited with introducing many innovations that were later adopted onto all cars industry wide.[4] The interior was designed to be extremely user friendly, with all of its controls designed to be recognizable by touch, allowing the driver to operate them without taking their eyes off the road.[4] For example, the switches to the power windows and power locks were designed with one half of the switch raised up, with the other half recessed, in order for its function to be identified by touch (akin to the concept of Braille writing). To further enhance this "user friendliness", the dashboard was designed to have all of the controls in the central area, within reach of the driver. The left side of the dash also curved slightly around the driver, to make controls easily accessible as well as creating a "cockpit" feel.[4] However, it wasn't curved enough to prevent the passenger from easily identifying and using the vehicle's main controls as well.
The interior of the Taurus was highly customizable by the buyer to fit their needs, as it had a large number of options, as well as being available in three different configurations.[22] This meant that the Taurus interior could be spartan or luxurious, depending on the buyer's choice of options.[21] The interior equipment depended on model. The most basic model, the L (see below), came standard with just an AM radio and a front cloth bench seat,[21] while the LX, the highest model, came with a large amount of standard equipment.[21]
The interior received a few major upgrades during the first generation's production run. The 1989 model year Taurus got new door panels that had built-in armrests and side speakers for the stereo.[21] For the 1990 model year, it got a redesigned dashboard.[21] This dash was designed similar to the one it replaced, although it had a different placement for the radio, and was designed to be able to contain either cupholders or a CD player, depending on the customer's choice of options.[21] It also received a new steering wheel with an airbag, as Ford was making it standard in all of its cars.[21]
At its launch, the Taurus was available in four models; the L, the MT-5, the GL, and the LX. The L was the base model, with only the most basic of equipment. The MT-5 was the second model, which was aimed at Japanese imports,[21] as it was only available with a 4-cylinder engine and a five-speed manual transmission (hence the term MT-5).[21] The value model was the GL, which contained more equipment than the MT-5 and L, and had such interior upgrades like rear headrests and a folding rear armrest, electric windows and locks.[21] The LX was the top of the line model, which had the most standard equipment, as well as many features that were unique to this model, such as cornering lamps and side body cladding, as well as its own unique seat design, automatic climate control, light packages, luggage convenience kit, electronic cluster with onboard system scanner and fuel computer, auto lamps with timer, premium amplified stereo with six speakers "Premium Sound", 6-way electric seats with inflatable lumbar support and other equipment options at an added price.[21] The wagon was offered in the same trim levels in the same order.
In 1987, the MT-5 wagon was dropped due to poor sales, and the MT-5 was dropped altogether in 1988. 1988 also saw the introduction of the SHO, although it was generally marketed as and considered a separate model, as opposed to part of the Taurus line.
The MT-5 and L came with a 90-horsepower (67kW) 2.5-liter HSCfour-cylinder, although the 140horsepower (104kW) 3.0-liter VulcanV6 was optional on the L and standard on the GL and LX models. The MT-5 was equipped with a five-speed manual transmission, while Vulcan models used a newly designed four-speed AXODautomatic, while HSC-equipped cars used the 3-speed ATX automatic. Ford's 3.8-liter EssexV6 was added to the lineup in 1988 as the top of the line engine optional on the LX and GL. Although the power output was rated at the same 140horsepower (104kW) as the 3.0-liter engine, this V6 produced 215ft·lbf (291N·m) of torque. The 2.5-liter was dropped in early 1991.
Production
The Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable were produced by Ford in Chicago, Illinois (Chicago Assembly) and Hapeville, Georgia (Atlanta Assembly), replacing the Ford LTD/Mercury Marquis in both assembly facilities. Production Figures
The Mercury Sable is the Mercury counterpart of the Ford Taurus, sold by the Lincoln-Mercury division. Serving as the replacement for the Mercury Marquis, the Sable was developed alongside the Taurus, with both vehicles sharing a common chassis and drivetrain. Sharing only the doors and roof stamping with the Taurus, the Sable sedan has a slightly longer body and its own interior;[4] the station wagons of both model lines are based on the Sable.
In Mercury tradition, the Sable was designed as the upscale of the two model lines.[4] In contrast to its predecessor and the larger Mercury Grand Marquis, the Sable was designed as even more advanced than its Taurus counterpart, with blacked-out roof pillars (for a wraparound effect for the rear quarter glass) and low-cut rear wheel openings. In place of a conventional grille, a low-wattage "lightbar" lamp was fitted between the front headlamps.
Offered solely with an automatic transmission, the Sable was offered in a standard GS trim and deluxe LS trim in both sedan and station wagon body styles. Ford exported the Sable as the Ford Taurus in Mexico, Europe, and New Zealand.
Prototypes
First-generation Mercury Sable wagon
A prototype convertible Sable was displayed at the 1988 North American International Auto Show, featuring a custom two-door body with a power folding top that was built off a production sedan chassis. It never reached production, and the convertible prototype was sold on eBay in 2006.[24]
Mercury planned a Sable LTS for 1989 as a divisional counterpart of the Taurus SHO, sharing its performance upgrades (with the exception of the Yamaha V6).[25] Shelved out of fears of creating unnecessary internal competition, the Sable LTS saw production for 1989 as 50th Anniversary Edition (of Mercury) Sable; 50 examples were produced with 3.8L V6s, largely serving as testbeds for Taurus SHO chassis changes.[25]
The Sable was also extensively used in Ford's Aluminum Intensive Vehicle (AIV) program, which built 20 aluminum-bodied Sables with Taurus SHO V6 engines in an engineering exercise for constructing an all-aluminum unit body, like that which saw production by Audi in 1994.[26]
The Ford Taurus SHO (Super High Output[21]) is a high-performance variant of the Taurus that was introduced in 1989. Sharing its bodyshell with the Taurus sedan (no SHO wagon was produced), the SHO differed from the standard Taurus in its drivetrain, suspension, brakes, wheels, and cosmetic changes to the bodywork and interior.[27] The 3.0L DOHC V6 was developed and built for Ford by Yamaha[21] At 220hp, the engine was rated only 5hp less than the 4.9L V8 of the Ford Mustang; all examples were paired with a 5-speed manual transmission.
Developed by Ford SVO as its first four-door vehicle,[27] the Taurus SHO began life as a limited-production vehicle for 1989 (with Ford advertising it as such[28]). Along with its performance specifications, the use of the Yamaha V6 was chosen partially to fulfill a supply contract, as Ford had shelved previous plans to use it for a mid-engine sports car intended to compete with the Pontiac Fiero and Toyota MR2.[29]
Ford Taurus SHO rear view
Following stronger-than-intended sales of the model line, Ford allowed continued production of the SHO as the flagship of the Taurus range.[27] The variant was produced through 1991 and was included for the second-generation Ford Taurus redesign for 1992.
↑ The Taurus was not intended to compete with the BMW 5 Series. However, it was disassembled and examined in order to be able to emulate the seat and interior design predominant in many German cars at the time.
↑ Hanson, John. "1986 Ford Taurus: Mule driving FoMoCo's aeroslick 5-passenger sedan: We take what we can get and like it......very much". Motor Trend (March 1985): 33–48.
↑ Ross, Daniel. "1986 Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable: Ford brings aerodynamics to the heartland with its new family cars". Popular Mechanics (July 1985): 71 and 137.
↑ Hanson, John. "Car of the Year 1986: It is Going To Be a Bull Market For The Ford Taurus". Motor Trend (February 1986): 23–36.
↑ Schneiderman, R.M. (October 27, 2006). "Ford Taurus, R.I.P."Forbes. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2007.
↑ This feature was first objected to by Phillip Caldwell, and as a result, a few Taurus prototypes were built with a black grille in place of the front panel. Jack Telnack eventually convinced Ford's board of directors to vote on whether or not to use the grill-less nose, on which they eventually decided to use on the production version. Despite this, many initial publicity shots of the Taurus showed it with the black front grille.
↑ The First generation's interior could be ordered with a traditional column-mounted shifter and front bench seat, with bucket seats and a center console with a floor-mounted shifter, or with buckets seats and a console with a column-mounted shifter. However, models available with a manual transmission were only available in one configuration: bucket seats with a center console and floor-mounted shifter.
The Ford Taurus is an automobile that was manufactured by the Ford Motor Company in the United States from the 1986 to 2019 model years. Introduced in late 1985 for the 1986 model year, six generations were produced over 34 years; a brief hiatus was undertaken between 2006 and 2007. From the 1986 to 2009 model years, the Taurus was sold alongside its near-twin, the Mercury Sable; four generations of the high-performance Ford Taurus SHO were produced. The Taurus also served as the basis for the first-ever front-wheel-drive Lincoln Continental (1988–2002).
Mercury was a brand of mid-priced automobiles produced by American manufacturer Ford Motor Company between 1938 and 2011 with 1939 being the first model year. It stood as its own line within Ford until 1945, and thereafter formed half of Ford's Lincoln-Mercury Division. Created by Edsel Ford in 1938 to bridge the gap between the Ford and Lincoln model lines, its principal competition was General Motors' Buick and Oldsmobile divisions, and Chrysler Corporation's DeSoto and Chrysler brands.
The Ford Windstar is a minivan that was produced and sold by Ford. The replacement for the Ford Aerostar, the Windstar adopted the front-wheel drive configuration of the Chrysler minivans. From the 1995 to 2007 model years, three generations of the model line were sold, with the final generation renamed as the Ford Freestar.
The Ford Five Hundred is a full-size automobile that was manufactured and marketed by Ford from the 2005 to 2007 model years. Deriving its nameplate from the previous "500" suffix used by Ford during the 1950s to the 1970s on its top-tier trims, the Five Hundred was introduced alongside the Ford Fusion as two model lines intended to replace the Ford Taurus. Within the Ford model line, the Five Hundred was slotted between the Fusion and Crown Victoria. Within Lincoln-Mercury, the model line was marketed under a revived Mercury Montego nameplate.
The Mercury Montego is a nameplate that was applied to three separate generations of vehicles marketed by the Mercury division of Ford Motor Company. Taking its name from Montego Bay, Jamaica, the nameplate made its first appearance for 1967 in the Canadian market as part of the Mercury-derived Meteor model line. For 1968, the Mercury Montego made its debut across North America, becoming the Mercury counterpart of the Ford Torino intermediate-size model line for two generations.
The Mercury Sable is a range of automobiles manufactured and marketed by the Mercury brand of Ford Motor Company. Introduced on December 26, 1985, as the replacement for the Mercury Marquis, the Sable marked the transition of the mid-size Mercury product range to front-wheel drive.
The Ford LTD is a range of automobiles manufactured by Ford for the 1965 to 1986 model years. Introduced as the highest trim level of the full-size Ford model range, the LTD moved the Ford range upmarket, offering options and features previously reserved for Mercury and Lincoln vehicles. For much of its production life, the LTD competed against the Chevrolet Caprice ; the Mercury Marquis served as its divisional counterpart from 1967 until 1986.
The Ford Vulcan is a 3.0 L V6 engine designed and built by the Ford Motor Company. It debuted in 1986 in the newly launched Ford Taurus. Ford went on to install the Vulcan V6 in a variety of car, van, and pickup truck models until the 2008 model year, after which production stopped.
The Ford Tempo is an automobile that was produced by Ford from the 1984 to 1994 model years. The successor of the Ford Fairmont, the Tempo marked both the downsizing of the Ford compact car line and its adoption of front-wheel drive. Through its production, the model line was offered as a two-door coupe and four-door sedan, with the Mercury Topaz marketed as its divisional counterpart.
The North American version of the Ford Escort is a range of cars that was sold by Ford from the 1981 to 2003 model years. The direct successor of the Ford Pinto, the Escort also largely overtook the role of the European-imported Ford Fiesta as the smallest vehicle in the Ford model line in North America. Produced across three generations, the first generation was a subcompact; the latter two generations were compact cars. Becoming highly successful in the marketplace, the Escort became the best-selling car in the United States after 1982, a position it would hold for much of the 1980s.
The Mercury Marquis is a model line of automobiles marketed by Mercury from 1967 to 1986. Deriving its name from a title of French nobility, the Marquis was introduced as the divisional counterpart of the Ford LTD; four generations of the two model lines were paired through rebranding. Initially slotted as the flagship Mercury full-size range, the Marquis would serve as the basis for the later Mercury Grand Marquis.
The Ford Taurus SHO is the high-performance variant of the Ford Taurus. Originally intended as a limited-production model, the SHO would be produced for the first three generations of the model line, from the 1989 to the 1999 model years. After an 11-year hiatus, the model was revived for 2010, continuing through the 2019 discontinuation of the Taurus model line.
Jack Telnack is the former global Vice President of Design of the Ford Motor Company from 1980 to 1997. He is best known for his work with cars like the 1979 Ford Mustang, the 1983 Ford Thunderbird, and the 1986 Ford Taurus that ushered in a new era of aerodynamic design to America's mainstream marketplace.
Full-size Ford is a term adopted for a long-running line of Ford vehicles with a shared model lineage in North America. Originating in 1908 with the Ford Model T, the line ended in 2019 with the Ford Taurus, as Ford withdrew from the full-sized sedan segment in North America. Across 111 years, 15 generations, and over 60 million examples of the model line were produced across over 50 model nameplates. By contrast, the longest-running single nameplate worldwide is the Chevrolet Suburban, in use since the 1935 model year.
The second-generation Ford Taurus is an automobile that was produced by Ford from 1991 to 1995, which served as the second out of six generations of the Ford Taurus. The second-generation Taurus shared all of its mechanical parts with the first-generation Ford Taurus, yet its exterior and interior were nearly completely redesigned. However, its exterior still strongly resembled that of the first-generation Taurus, leading many to believe that the second-generation was simply a facelift of the first-generation Taurus. However, this is partially true because the wagon model, from the B-pillar to the rear of the car, was a carryover from the first generation. The second generation of Taurus proved to be very popular, selling 410,000 units in its first year, becoming the best-selling car in the United States. It would hold this title until 1995, when it was discontinued and replaced with the third-generation Ford Taurus.
The third-generation Ford Taurus is an automobile that was marketed by Ford from the 1996 to 1999 model years. While the chassis underpinnings were largely carried over, the redesign gave the Taurus its first complete exterior redesign since its 1986 introduction. Slotted between the compact Ford Contour and full-size Ford Crown Victoria, the third-generation Taurus was again offered as a four-door sedan and as a five-door station wagon, marketed alongside the Mercury Sable.
The fourth-generation Ford Taurus is an automobile that was produced by Ford for the 2000 to 2007 model years. While mechanically similar to its 1996-1999 predecessor, major revisions to the bodyshell of the sedan were done to alter its controversial styling as well as add interior room; it was available in four-door sedan and five-door station wagon models.
The fifth generation of the Ford Taurus is an automobile that was manufactured and marketed by Ford Motor Company for the 2008 and 2009 model years. Marking the return of the nameplate after a hiatus of less than a year, the revived Taurus is a midcycle revision of the Ford Five Hundred full-sized sedan. After its retail withdrawal following the 2007 model year, the Crown Victoria was replaced by this generation of the Taurus, making it the flagship Ford sedan for the first time.
The sixth generation of the Ford Taurus is the final generation of the model range manufactured by Ford. Introduced for the 2010 model year, the sixth-generation Taurus is the second generation of the model line produced as a full-size car; it was the heaviest sedan sold under the Ford brand worldwide. While sharing its D3 chassis underpinnings with the previous generation, the sixth generation marked the first North American use of Kinetic Design design language.
The ninth generation of the Ford Thunderbird is a personal luxury coupe that was manufactured and marketed by Ford for the 1983 to 1988 model years. In response to the sales downturn of the 1980–1982 Thunderbird, the model line underwent one of its most substantial redesigns for the 1983 model year. While the Thunderbird remained as a personal luxury coupe, Ford transitioned its role, emphasizing performance and handling over outright luxury and comfort content. As a design leader for Ford, the ninth-generation Thunderbird marked the introduction of highly aerodynamic body design for Ford vehicles in North America, followed by the 1984 Ford Mustang SVO and Ford Tempo and the 1986 Ford Aerostar and Ford Taurus.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
