Ford Tempo

Last updated
Ford Tempo
92-94 Ford Tempo.jpg
1992–1994 Ford Tempo
Overview
Manufacturer Ford
Also called
  • Ford Ghia
  • Ford Topaz
  • Mercury Topaz
Production1983–1994
Model years 1984–1994
Assembly
Designer Jack Telnack
Body and chassis
Class Compact
Layout FF layout
AWD layout
Chronology
Predecessor Ford Fairmont / Mercury Zephyr
Successor Ford Contour / Mercury Mystique [1]

The Ford Tempo is a compact car that was manufactured by Ford from the 1984 to 1994 model years. The successor of the Ford Fairmont, the Tempo is the fourth generation of compact cars sold by Ford in North America, marking both its downsizing and adoption of front-wheel drive. Through its entire production, the Tempo was sold as a two-door coupe and four-door sedan; Lincoln-Mercury marketed the model line as its Mercury Topaz divisional counterpart.

Contents

Deriving its chassis underpinnings and powertrain from the Ford Escort, the Tempo marked the introduction of aerodynamic exterior designs for a Ford sedan line. First seen on European Ford Sierra hatchbacks and the 1983 redesign of the Ford Thunderbird coupe, the design language was advanced further with the introduction of the larger Ford Taurus (introduced for 1986). [2] The first Ford car line to offer all-wheel drive as an option, the Tempo was also the first American automobile to offer a driver-side airbag as an option.

Produced across multiple facilities in North America, the Tempo/Topaz was produced in a single generation of two-doors; two generations of four-door sedans were produced. For the 1995 model year, the Tempo/Topaz four-door sedan was replaced by the Ford Contour (and Mercury Mystique), developed from the Ford Mondeo; [3] [4] the two-door Tempo was not directly replaced.

Development

In the late 1970s Ford began planning to replace their compact rear wheel drive Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr models with a new smaller front wheel drive (FWD) car. [5] This new compact was expected to compete in the marketplace with General Motors' X-Body, but wound up more similar to GM's J-cars. [6] Ford's chief development engineer for the new car was Ed Cascardo. [7]

The Tempo and Topaz chassis shared some parts with the front-wheel-drive platform used on the first North American Ford Escort, but with a wheelbase stretched by 5.7 in (145 mm) and distinctive new bodies. There were few common components due to the Tempo and Topaz's larger size. [6] Switching to front-wheel drive freed up interior space that would have otherwise been lost to accommodate a driveshaft and rear differential.

Wind tunnel testing on the Tempo began in December 1978. More than 450 hours of testing resulted in over 950 different design changes. The Tempo and Topaz both featured windshields inclined at a 60° angle and aircraft-inspired door frames, two features that had both appeared on the Thunderbird and Cougar in 1983. The door frames wrapped up into the roofline, which improved sealing, allowed for hidden drip rails, and cleaned up the A-pillar area of the car. The rear track was widened, improving aerodynamic efficiency. The front grille was laid back and the leading edge of the hood was tuned for aerodynamic cleanliness. The wheels were pushed out to the corners of the body, reducing turbulence. The cars' backlights were also laid down at 60°, and the rear deck was raised, reducing drag and resulting in greater fuel efficiency. Viewed from the side, the raised trunk imparted a wedge stance to the car which was especially prominent on the two-door coupes. The aerodynamic work resulted in a coefficient of drag () of 0.36 for the two-door Tempo, equal to that of the aero Ford Thunderbird. The four door returned a drag coefficient of 0.37. [8]

The Tempo was designed for a four-cylinder engine, but all production of Ford's 2.3 L Lima OHC four was committed to other product lines. [9] In 1983 Ford had stopped production of their 200 cubic inch Thriftpower inline six, leaving unused capacity at the Lima Engine plant. [10] Ford developed a four-cylinder engine that shared some features of the Thriftpower six, topped with a new cylinder head and using other new technologies, while repurposing as much tooling as possible at the Lima plant. [11] [12]

When the cars were released, a turbocharged version of the new four cylinder was said to be in development, but this engine never became available. At that point, a V6 was not being considered. [13]

Released in 1983 as a 1984 model, more than 107,000 two-door Tempos and more than 295,000 four-door Tempos were sold in its first year.

Features

Chassis and suspension

The Tempo's chassis is a steel unibody. [8] The structure from the firewall forward is shared with the contemporary Ford Escort. [14]

The Tempo's front suspension on each side comprises a lower lateral link triangulated by the anti-roll bar and a coil over MacPherson strut. The rear "Quadralink" suspension is two parallel lower lateral control links and a radius rod per side, with coil over MacPherson struts. This differed from the Escort's rear suspension, which used a lower lateral arm, radius rod, and non-concentric coil spring and shock absorber. The Tempo was the first ever American built Ford with an independent rear suspension using MacPherson struts. [15]

Brakes are 9.3 in (236 mm) discs in front and 8.0 in × 1.2 in (203 mm × 30 mm) drums in back.

Steering is by power assisted rack and pinion, with three turns lock-to-lock.

Standard tires on base models are 175/80R13, while higher trim levels have 185/70R14, and sportier models are fitted with Michelin TRX 185/65R365 metric tires on aluminum wheels.

Powertrain

The Tempo's four cylinder gasoline engine is called the "High Swirl Combustion" (HSC) engine and displaces 2.3 L. It has a cast iron block and head, with a single cam-in-block and two overhead valves (OHV) per cylinder with pushrods and rocker arms. The HSC engine was also offered in a "High Specific Output" (HSO) version producing 100 hp (75 kW).

In 1992 the 3.0 L Ford Vulcan V6 engine became an option in the Tempo. [16] Fitting the Vulcan V6 into the Tempo required changes to the water pump, and use of a more restrictive exhaust system that reduced maximum power. [17]

The original base transmission in the gasoline fueled Tempo/Topaz is a four-speed IB4 manual that made up part of what Ford called the "Fuel Saver" powertrain. A five-speed MTX-III manual or a three-speed FLC automatic were optional upgrades.

From 1984 to 1986 a version of Mazda's four-cylinder RF diesel engine was offered in the Tempo and Topaz. The only transmission paired with the diesel engine was the 5-speed manual.

All Wheel Drive

An optional all-wheel drive (AWD) system became available in the Tempo and Topaz in 1987, and was offered until 1991. Although Ford had a long history with four wheel drive, and had built prototypes based on other car models before, the AWD Tempo was their first production passenger sedan to offer four wheel drive. [18]

This design of part-time system is not meant for serious off-road driving, nor for use on dry streets. [19] [20] It is designed specifically to provide additional traction in slippery road conditions. The system is controlled by a rocker switch in the interior. [21] [20] When activated, the system engages a clutch which sends power to a limited-slip rear differential via a new driveshaft. There is no transfer case. [19]

The all-wheel-drive system adds 105 lb (47.6 kg) to the weight of the car, and increases ride height by just 0.5 in (13 mm). [19]

The only engine offered with the AWD option was the HSO four cylinder, with the 3-speed automatic transmission. [19]

In 1991 Ford started branding the system as "Four Wheel Drive" instead of All Wheel Drive. [22]

First generation (1984–1987)

First generation
1984-1985 Ford Tempo sedan -- 03-09-2011.jpg
1984–1985 Ford Tempo
Overview
Production1983–1987
Model years 1984–1987
Body and chassis
Body style 2/4-door sedan
Related
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 99.9 in (2,537 mm)
Length176.7 in (4,488 mm)
Width68.3 in (1,735 mm)
Height52.7 in (1,339 mm)
Rear view of pre-facelift Tempo Ford Tempo rear (14919514953).jpg
Rear view of pre-facelift Tempo
1984 Mercury Topaz sedan 1984 Mercury Topaz.jpg
1984 Mercury Topaz sedan

The first-generation Tempo/Topaz debuted for sale on 26 May 1983 as 1984 models [23] ; Ford unveiled the two model lines on the deck of the USS Intrepid, a decommissioned aircraft carrier turned into a floating museum in New York Harbor. [13] An early advertisement for the car featured a Tempo sedan performing a 360 degree loop on a stunt track. The car in the ad was securely attached to a track, and was pulled through the shot rather than operating under its own power. [24]

Replacing the Fairmont as the Ford compact car line, the introduction of the Tempo/Topaz gave Ford a direct competitor to the GM X-platform compacts and the Chrysler K-car model lines, along with Honda Accord and Toyota Camry sedans. In addition to its adoption of front-wheel drive, the Tempo was also extensively downsized from its Fairmont predecessor, shortened 17 inches in length, nearly three inches of width, and over six inches of wheelbase.

Deriving its styling partially from the Ford Sierra (differing primarily by its sedan-length decklid), the Ford Tempo also featured a "six-window" roofline. The front slatted grille was body color; the front fascia was swept partially rearward (though not as extensively as the windshield). As flush-mounted headlamps were not yet legal for use, recessed sealed-beam headlamps were used. Two-door coupes shared the same front bodywork as four-door sedans, but were styled with a trapezoidal window profile (with black B-pillars). The Mercury Topaz sedan shared its doors with its Tempo counterpart, but was styled with a windowless C-pillar with a slightly more upright profile (though far sleeker than larger Mercury sedans); along with vertical taillamps between a red and gray filler panel, the Topaz differed from the Tempo with a horizontal black grille (marking the debut of the Mercury brand emblem used through 2011).

The first generation Tempo/Topaz came standard with a four-cylinder 2.3 L gasoline engine or an optional Mazda-built 2.0 L diesel engine. In late 1985 the four speed manual transmission was discontinued and the five-speed became standard. A slight modification was made to the five-speed transmission, moving the shift pattern from a dog-leg design to an H-pattern. For 1985, the 2.3L engine received a new central fuel injection (CFI) system, although the carbureted version was offered in Canada until 1987.

Several functional changes were made to interior for 1985 as the dashboard was redesigned to include side window demisters, a restyled driver's pod (separating the radio), and a passenger-side shelf. The instrument panel featured a new, easier to read gauge layout, with all switches and controls placed within easy reach of the driver.

In early 1985, [25] the Tempo became the first production American automobile to feature a driver's side airbag as a supplemental restraint system. [26] In 1984, Ford entered a contract with the General Services Administration and the Department of Transportation to supply 5,000 airbag-equipped Tempos. Half also received a special windshield designed to minimize lacerations to passengers, and all were early recipients of the high-mounted brake lights that became required by law in 1986. [27]

From 1985 to 1987, Ford offered the Sport GL, which included unique interior and exterior styling cues, the 2.3 L HSO engine, alloy wheels, tachometer, and the five-speed manual transaxle with a lower (numerically higher) final drive ratio of 3.73 for quicker acceleration. It was badged simply as "GL", but was recognizable because it lacked the GL's chrome front and rear bumpers, had 14" alloy wheels and charcoal trim accents.

1986 update

1986-1987 Ford Tempo sedan Ford Tempo -- 10-31-2009.jpg
1986–1987 Ford Tempo sedan
1987 Mercury Topaz sedan 1987 Mercury Topaz Sedan.jpg
1987 Mercury Topaz sedan

For the 1986 model year, both the Tempo and Topaz underwent an update of the exterior. [28] Largely intended to bring the design closer in line with the all-new Ford Taurus, the Tempo received composite-style headlamps, full-width taillamps, and restyled parking lamp housings; the sedan adopted the sleeker sideview mirrors used by the coupe. While still body-color, the grille of the Tempo moved its design closer to the "bottom-breather" style of the Taurus; the chrome of the bumper trim became further integrated into the body. The Topaz adopted body-color bumpers (with a grey trim band), but was distinguished by the addition of a lightbar grille (sharing the feature with the Sable). The trim levels for Tempos underwent a minor revision, as the GLX trim was renamed LX.

In 1986, the Tempo surpassed the Hyundai Pony to become the best selling new car in Canada. [29]

For 1987, an all-wheel drive option was introduced for both two-door and four-door versions of both the Tempo and Topaz. Serving as a stand-alone trim line, the all-wheel drive version was equipped as an equivalent to a Tempo LX/Topaz LS and was fitted with the more powerful engine of the GL Sport. Fitted only with an automatic transmission, all-wheel drive was a driver-activated system using a pushbutton.

Trim levels

First generation Tempo trim levels:

First generation Topaz trim levels:

Second generation (1988–1994)

Second generation
Ford Tempo -- 07-09-2009.jpg
1988–1991 Ford Tempo GL
Overview
Model years 1988–1994
Body and chassis
Body style 2/4-door sedan
Related
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 99.9 in (2,537 mm)
Length177.0 in (4,496 mm)
Width68.3 in (1,735 mm)
Height52.9 in (1,344 mm)
Curb weight 2,723 lb (1,235 kg)
1988-1991 Ford Tempo coupe Ford Tempo Coupe.jpg
1988–1991 Ford Tempo coupe
1992-1994 Mercury Topaz GS sedan 92-94 Mercury Topaz GS.jpg
1992–1994 Mercury Topaz GS sedan
1992-1994 Ford Tempo coupe Ford-Tempo-Coupe.jpg
1992–1994 Ford Tempo coupe

For 1988, the Tempo and Topaz sedans were redesigned, while the coupes were facelifted — in each case more resembling their Taurus and Sable counterparts. Both cars arrived in November 1987. [30] [31] The Tempo received a restyled grille with three thin horizontal chrome bars, composite flush-mounted rectangular headlamps and restyled front turn signals. The Tempo GLS, received a black grille and "D" pillar; flush mounted tail lamps and revised rear quarter window. The Topaz received a more formal, more vertical rear window, waterfall grille, more revised wheels, and solid red tail lamps. The HSO engine was standard equipment on the Mercury Topaz XR5 and LTS models. [32]

Both the sedan and coupe received a revised instrument panels with a central gauge cluster that included a standard engine temperature gauge, and ergonomic driver controls. Fan and windshield wiper controls were mounted on rotary-style switches on either side of the instrument panel, and the HVAC controls received a new push-button control layout. Other changes included revised interior door panels. A driver's side airbag continued as an option. LX and AWD models received chrome and wood trim on the dash and doors. Topaz models featured a tachometer-equipped gauge cluster and a front center armrest as standard.

For the 1991 model year the all-wheel drive Tempo and Topaz and the Canadian market exclusive entry-level Tempo L were discontinued. For 1992, the Tempo and Topaz were mildly restyled, with the Tempo gaining body-colored side trim that replaced the black and chrome trim, as well as full body-colored bumpers. The Tempo's three bar chrome grille was replaced with a body-colored monochromatic piece, while the Topaz's chrome grille was replaced with a non-functional light-bar.

Also for 1992, the 3.0 L Vulcan V6 engine from the Taurus and Sable was introduced as an option for the GL and LX models, and as the standard engine on the GLS. The 1992 model year was the last year of the GLS, as it and its Topaz counterpart were discontinued in 1993. This left the Tempo with only two trim level options, GL and LX. 1992 also brought a slightly redesigned gauge cluster, with a tachometer reading up to 7,000 rpm instead of the previous 6,000 rpm. A fuel door indicator was added to the fuel gauge as an arrow pointing to the side of the car where the fuel door was located. 1992 was the only year when a speedometer reading to 120 mph was available in American models, and only in the GLS, XR5 and LTS trim levels; all other model years read to 85 MPH.

A revised body with eight headlamps was previewed late in 1991, and a redesigned Tempo was expected for 1993 or 1998. [33] [34] The Tempo was discontinued in 1994, replaced by the Contour for model year 1995.

Trim levels

Second generation Tempo trim levels:

Second generation Topaz trim levels:

End of production

Although a third-generation Tempo had been spotted testing in 1990, this was eventually scrapped in favor of replacing the car with an adapted version of the European Ford Mondeo, then late in development. By 1993 Ford had been losing money on the Tempo for a decade. [35] While the Tempo had long been a loss leader for Ford, the incoming Contour was based on the Mondeo, one of the most expensive cars in Ford's European lineup. [35] Ford was unsuccessful in drawing a distinction between the Tempo and Contour, and many buyers assumed that the new car would be priced the same as the old, causing some to face a large sticker shock. [3] [36]

For buyers shopping for a compact Ford, moving to the Contour came with a jump in price: the range topping 1994 Tempo LX sedan with V6 cost about $12,900, equivalent to $25,470in 2022, while a base model 1995 Contour GL with four-cylinder engine and manual transmission was $13,990, equivalent to $27,622in 2022.

1994 marked the last year for the HSC engine, the 2.5 L having been dropped from the Taurus in 1991. It was also the end for the 3-speed FLC automatic transmission, with the Ford Escort and Mercury Tracer using the Ford F-4EAT transmission.

The last Ford Tempo was built at Oakville Assembly on May 20, 1994. The facility was retooled to build the Ford Windstar. Kansas City Assembly and Cuautitlán Assembly became assembly points for the Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique.

Production figures

The Tempo was a sales success for Ford, staying one of the top ten best selling cars in the US, if not one of the top five, during its entire production run. For the introductory, extended 1984 model year (16 months long), Ford sold a total of 531,468 examples of the Tempo and Topaz combined, but this was also the nameplate's best year. [37] [38] All model year production figures for the Tempo are as follows: [39]

First generation production [40]
CoupeSedanYearly total
1984107,065295,149402,214 [a]
198572,311266,776339,087
198669,101208,570277,671
198770,164212,468282,632
Total318,641982,9631,301,604
  1. ↑ Model year 1984 began in 1983; about 35 percent of
    the 1984s were built during the 1983 model year. [41]
Second generation production [40]
CoupeSedanYearly total
198849,930313,262363,192
198923,719217,185240,904
19908,551209,875218,426
19914,876180,969185,845
199235,149172,191207,340
199352,129154,762206,891
199432,050110,399142,449
Total206,4041,358,6431,565,047

Other markets

China

During the early 1990s, in an attempt to ease trade tensions with the United States, China agreed to buy millions of dollars' worth of automobiles from each of the Big Three American automakers; the share of the deal for Ford was worth $32 million. [42] [43] Along with reducing Chinese dependence on imports of Japanese automobiles, the arrangement let China keep its favored nation status with the United States (despite political tensions of the late 1980s).

In 1992, Ford began sales operations in China for the first time, introducing the Tempo alongside the Ford Taurus, Ford Crown Victoria, Ford Aerostar, and the Lincoln Town Car. [44] In total, the Chinese government purchased over 8,200 Tempos, with the initial order of 3010 1992 four-door Tempo sedans serving as the largest single fleet order ever received by Ford. [44] [45] In addition of the fitment of metric-unit instrument panels, the Tempo underwent several revisions for the Chinese market, including modifications of the fuel system to accommodate leaded fuel, heavier-duty suspension, and heavier-grade wiring. [44]

The initial government fleet order was originally intended for use as taxis and tourist vehicles; all were white-colored GL-trim four-door sedans. [45] Following their importation, the Tempos remained under government ownership under official use, later sold to private owners. [43]

Mexico

Ford assembled and sold two models based on the American Tempo in Mexico, the Ford Topaz and the Ford Ghia.

The cars were built in Ford's Cuautitlán Assembly plant. [46] The lower level of automation at that plant translated into higher assembly costs, making a Mexican-built Ford Topaz retail for about US$400 more than a more well equipped US model with more effective pollution controls. [47]

The first to hit the Mexican market was the Ford Topaz, debuting in 1984. This car was based on the American Tempo, and was offered in both two door and four door sedan versions. [48] Like the US model, the Ford Topaz was restyled in 1988. [49]

The Ford Ghia debuted in 1991. Based on the American Mercury Topaz, this model was more luxuriously trimmed, based on the American Topaz LS. With wood grain panel doors, power antena, and 5 band stereo graphic equalizer, alloy wheels 14", similar a BBS model used by European Ford Fiesta or Volkswagen Golf GTi. A 4 Cylinders 2.3 L only available. For 1992, A 3-speed automatic transmission and V6 engine were only available. [50] Also, leather interior.

T-Drive Tempo

In or around 1990, a modified Tempo was used as a rolling testbed for a new powertrain configuration that Ford called "T-Drive". This system used transverse inline engines with the drive for the transmission taken off the center of the crankshaft, rather than the end. [51]

The test Tempo's original transverse straight four engine and transaxle were replaced with a transversely mounted DOHC straight-eight engine and a center-mounted longitudinal transaxle, making the Tempo Rear Wheel Drive. The T-Drive specification allowed for engines of 4, 6, and 8 cylinders of 2.0 L, 3.2 L, and 4.0 L respectively, and the Tempo received the largest engine. [51] Power output was estimated to have been in the range of 215–225 hp (160–168 kW). [52] It is possible that the Tempo was chosen as it could accommodate a drive shaft and rear differential, due to the availability of the AWD model. This 8 cylinder, RWD Tempo with independent rear suspension was shown briefly and never seen again.

In 1991, the T-Drive technology was unveiled to the public as part of two concept cars; the Contour sedan and the Mystique minivan. [53] It did not go into production.

References

  1. ↑ "Plant Information | Plant Name: Kansas City Assembly Plant". Archived from the original on 17 June 2012.
  2. ↑ McElroy, Jim; Creamer, John; Markman, Clark (June 1985). The Internationalization of the Automobile Industry and its Effects on the U.S. Automobile Industry (PDF) (Report). United States International Trade Commission. p. 87.
  3. 1 2 Digman, Lester A. (1 January 1997). Strategic management: cases. DAME Publications. pp. 1, 5, 24. ISBN   978-0873936194.
  4. ↑ Kenzie, Jim (9 September 1995). "1995 Ford Contour". wheels.ca.
  5. ↑ Holusha, John (1 December 1985). "Ford puts its Future on the Line". New York Times. p. 94.
  6. 1 2 Dole, Charles E. (23 December 1982). "Curvy Thunderbird may forge auto style of the '80s". Christian Science Monitor.
  7. ↑ Dunne, Jim (March 1983). "Ford's front-drive challengers: Tempo/Topaz". Popular Science. pp. 74, 75.
  8. 1 2 Witzenburg, Gary (April 1983). "Driving the Ford Tempo, Topaz and All-New Thunderbird". Popular Mechanics. pp. 96, 97, 176, 177.
  9. ↑ Martin, Murilee (2 August 2017). "Cut-Down Engine of the Week: Ford HSC I4". Autoweek.
  10. ↑ Niedermeyer, Paul (28 October 2010). "Curbside Classic: 1986 Ford Tempo — A Deadly Sin?". The Truth About Cars.
  11. ↑ Lenox, H.; Scussel, A. J. (1983-06-06). "The New Ford 2.3L High-Swirl-Combustion (HSC) Engine" . SAE Technical Paper Series. SAE International Passenger Car Meeting & Exposition. Vol. 1. doi:10.4271/831009. ISSN   0148-7191.
  12. ↑ Niedermeyer, Paul (8 July 2019). "Cohort Outtake: 1984 or 1985 Ford Tempo – Tempo Non Fugit". Curbside Classics.
  13. 1 2 Dole, Charles E. (3 June 1983). "Ford goes on the offensive - with Tempo and Topaz". Christian Science Monitor.
  14. ↑ "2.3L HSC / HSO History & Specifications". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  15. ↑ Stern, Milton (November 2020). "Tempo/Topaz twins: Ford was looking ahead with its new compacts". Hemmings Classic Car.
  16. ↑ Mateja, Jim (8 December 1991). "The Drab Tempo Adds Some Power". Chicago Tribune.
  17. ↑ Weissler, Paul (October 1991). "Engineering In the '92s". Popular Mechanics. pp. 86–89.
  18. ↑ Mateja, Jim (13 October 1986). "Four-Wheel-Drive Tempo Has A More Down-To-Earth Design". Chicago Tribune.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Sikora II, Don. "Cheap Wheels: 1987-91 Ford Tempo All Wheel Drive". Collectible Automobile.
  20. 1 2 Lewis, Corey (22 April 2020). "Rare Rides: The 1989 Ford Tempo – Luxurious and All-wheel Drive". The Truth About Cars.
  21. ↑ Kucinski, Leonard (8 August 1987). "Ford Tempo AWD — Latest Four-Wheel-Drive Entry Road Test". The Morning Call.
  22. ↑ "1991 Model Topaz — Product Change Summary" (PDF). February 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2015.
  23. ↑ "Late May Car Sales Rose 17.7%". New York Times. 4 June 1983.
  24. ↑ Ross, Daniel Charles (March 1984). "Detroit Listening Post | The ad game Tempo". Popular Mechanics. p. 14.
  25. ↑ "Ford offering airbags to fleet buyers". UPI. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  26. ↑ "Today in Ford History: Jan. 7". Media.Ford.com. 2007-01-07. Archived from the original on September 17, 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
  27. ↑ Wakefield, Ron (June 1984). "Fords get an air-bagging". Wheels . Sydney, Australia: Murray Publishers: 27.
  28. ↑ "Detailed specs review of 1986 Ford Tempo LX 4-door 2.3L EFi offered since October 1985 for North America U.S." www.automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  29. ↑ Stark, Harry A., ed. (1987). Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1987. Vol. 49. Detroit, MI: Ward's Communications, Inc. p. 156. ISBN   0910589007.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
  30. ↑ "Cars for 1988". Ebony. Vol. XLIII, no. 1. Johnson Publishing Company. 1 November 1987. p. 171 – via Google Books.
  31. ↑ "Detailed specs review of 1988 Mercury Topaz LS Sport offered since November 1987 for North America U.S." www.automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  32. ↑ Stark, Harry A.; Bush, James W., eds. (1990). Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1990. Vol. 52. Detroit, MI: Ward's Communications, Inc. p. 91. ISBN   0910589010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
  33. ↑ "Yankee Chic". Popular Mechanics. October 1991. pp. 71–85.
  34. ↑ Dunne, Jim (October 1991). "…And In '93 And '94". Popular Mechanics. pp. 90, 91.
  35. 1 2 Taylor III, Alex (28 June 1993). "Ford's $6 Billion Baby". Fortune.
  36. ↑ Mateja, Jim (7 May 1999). "Ford's Focus: Smooth Road After Contour". Chicago Tribune.
  37. ↑ "1984 - Tempo / Topaz Introduction". Tempo Topaz Car Club of North America. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.
  38. ↑ Stark, Harry A., ed. (1985). Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1985. Vol. 47. Detroit, MI: Ward's Communications, Inc. p. 198. ISBN   0910589005.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
  39. ↑ "Section: History : Year by Year". Tempo Topaz Car Club of North America. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013.
  40. 1 2 Flammang, James M.; Kowalke, Ron (1999). Standard catalog of American cars, 1976-1999 (3rd ed.). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. ISBN   0-87341-755-0. OCLC   43301709.
  41. ↑ Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1985, pp. 70, 135.
  42. ↑ "Company News; China Agrees to Buy Vehicles from the Big Three". New York Times. 29 July 1992.
  43. 1 2 de Feijter, Tycho (13 July 2012). "Spotted in China: Ford Tempo, and a History how it got there". CarNewsChina.com.
  44. 1 2 3 "U.S. automaker puts Ford in China's future". UPI Archive. 21 June 1993.
  45. 1 2 "Ford Exports Increase 33 Percent". PR Newswire. 26 August 1992. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016.
  46. ↑ "Plant Information | Plant Name: Cuautitlan Assembly Plant". Archived from the original on 3 April 2008.
  47. ↑ Conway, Patrick (January 2016), Shifting Gears: Ford Motor Company in Mexico (A): The Dilemma (PDF), University of North Carolina, archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-04
  48. ↑ Juárez, Mau (20 August 2018). "Ford Topaz: recordando a uno de los sedanes favoritos de los 80 y 90" [Ford Topaz: remembering one of the favorite sedans of the '80s and '90s] (in Spanish).
  49. ↑ Gutiérrez, Alberto (24 September 2020). "Ford Topaz: el exitazo de la gama media" [Ford Topaz: the smash hit of the mid-range]. Memo Lira (in Spanish).
  50. ↑ Gutiérrez, Alberto (27 February 2020). "Ford Ghia: el lujo como sinónimo" [Ford Ghia: luxury as a synonym]. Memo Lira (in Spanish).
  51. 1 2 "Ford T-Drive". DrivingEnthusiast.
  52. ↑ McTaggart, Bryan (24 December 2018). "Best of 2018: An Inline-Eight Ford Tempo? That Happened! Check This Freak Out!". BangShift.com.
  53. ↑ McCosh, Dan (June 1991). "Back To The Future". Popular Science. pp. 68–71.

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