| Gomphillaceae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Gomphillus americanus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Graphidales |
| Family: | Gomphillaceae Walt.Watson (1929) |
| Type genus | |
| Gomphillus Nyl. (1855) | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The Gomphillaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. Species in this family are found mostly in tropical regions. [1]
The family Gomphillaceae is characterized by its crust-like thallus, which is the outer layer of the lichen body. These lichens contain chlorococcoid photobionts, which are symbiotic algae that help the lichen to produce food through photosynthesis. The reproductive structures of Gomphillaceae lichens, known as ascomata, can be apothecioid or lirellate in form. Apothecia occur in a few forms, including biatorine or zeorine to sometimes lecideine . [2]
The internal structure of hymenium (the fertile, spore-producing part of the lichen), called the hamathecium , consists primarily of branched and interwoven paraphyses . The asci, or spore-producing sacs, are annelasceous and feature a distinctive apical tholus and ring structure. They can be clavate , oblong, or fusiform in shape and do not exhibit any amyloid properties. These asci typically produce eight ascospores , although some may produce fewer, ranging from one to four spores. The ascospores are hyaline (transparent), and have thin walls and distinct eusepta . They can be ellipsoid or oblong in shape, and their internal divisions (septa) can be transverse or muriform . [2]
Gomphillaceae lichens also produce conidiomata , which are asexual reproductive structures. These are mostly hyphophores , and the conidia are formed as branched hyphae, called diahyphae, within gelatinous masses. The conidia are typically septate, often taking on a moniliform or bead-like appearance, and are also hyaline. In terms of secondary chemistry, Gomphillaceae lichens generally lack any notable substances. [2]
According to a recent (2022) estimate, the Gomphillaceae comprise 26 genera and about 425 species. The following list indicates the genus name, the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species: [3]
The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.
The Pilocarpaceae are a family of crustose lichens in the order Lecanorales. The species of this family have a cosmopolitan distribution and have been found in a variety of climatic regions. Pilocarpaceae was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in Adolf Engler's influential 1905 work Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
The Lichinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi. Most species are lichenized with cyanobacteria, and have a distribution largely in temperate regions.
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.
Badimia is a genus of foliicolous (leaf-inhabiting) lichens in the family Ramalinaceae.
The Trypetheliaceae are a family of mainly lichen-forming fungi in the order Trypetheliales. The family consists almost exclusively of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with an almost strictly tropical distribution.
Candelariaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Candelariales. It contains seven genera and about 73 species.
Echinoplaca is a genus of lichens in the family Gomphillaceae.
Gyalectidium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Gomphillaceae. A 2020 estimates placed 52 species in the genus. The genus was circumscribed by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1881. He included 3 species: G. xantholeucum, G. dispersum, and G. filicinum; the last of these is now the type species of the genus.
Tricharia is a genus of lichens in the family Gomphillaceae. It has an estimated 30 species.
Trichotheliaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Gyalectales. The family was circumscribed by Friedrich von Schilling and Friedrich August Georg Bitter in 1927.
Lecanographaceae is a family of mostly lichens in the order Arthoniales. The family was circumscribed in 2014, prompted by a molecular phylogenetic-based restructuring of the Arthoniales.
Opegraphaceae is a family of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi in the order Arthoniales. It was originally proposed by German lichenologist Ernst Stizenberger in 1862. It fell into disuse, but was resurrected in a molecular phylogenetic study of the order Arthoniales published in 2010. It now includes taxa that were previously referred to the family Roccellaceae, its sister group.
Strigulaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi, one of two families in the order Strigulales. Recent (2020) molecular analysis of the type genus, Strigula, has led to a reallocation of the foliicolous species into six genera that correspond to well-delimited clades with diagnostic phenotype features.
Strigula is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Strigulaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1823 by English mycologist Elias Magnus Fries.
Scoliciosporum is a genus of lichens in the family Scoliciosporaceae.
Carbonicola is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole genus in the monogeneric family Carbonicolaceae. The genus, which collectively has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, contains three squamulose lichens that prefer to grow on burned wood in temperate areas of the world.
Massalongiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Peltigerales. It has three genera and seven species.
Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
Aspidothelium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Thelenellaceae. All species in the genus have a tropical distribution and are crustose with a chlorococcoid photobiont partner. Most Aspidothelium species are foliicolous (leaf-dwelling), although some corticolous (bark-dwelling) species are known, as well as a single saxicolous (rock-dwelling) member.