Graphidales

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Graphidales
Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.21.11986) Figure 2.jpg
A–B Pallidogramme chrysenteron , formerly Phaeographina fukiensis . C–D Sarcographa glyphiza , formerly Graphis glyphiza . Scale bars = 1 mm
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Hazlinszky, F.A. (1884) [1]
Families

Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species, [2] which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. [3]

Contents

History

The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as family Graphideae. [1] In 1907, they were established as an order by American botanist Bessey (1845–1915), [4] [5] [6]

When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae who were both mainly tropical based and each family had about 800–1000 species. [7]

Sherwood in 1977 proposed to maintain a distinction between the Graphidales with mostly lichenised members and the Ostropales which included mostly non-lichenised fungi, based on different spore septation types. [8]

Molecular data by Winka et al. in 1998, supported a close relationship between the two groups of species. [9] [10]

The Graphidales were then included in the Ostropales order (Lecanoromycetes) for a long time (Staiger 2002; [11] Kalb et al. 2004; [12] Hibbett et al. 2007; [13] Lumbsch et al. 2007; [14] Kirk et al. 2008; [15] Baloch et al. 2010; [16] Rivas Plata and Lumbsch 2011; [17] Rivas Plata et al. 2012; [18] Lumbsch et al. 2014; [19] Lücking et al. 2017; [20] Wijayawardene et al. 2018). [21]

In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of class Lecanoromycetes were examined by using mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing which found that orders Graphidales and Ostropales were monophyletic. [22]

Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were non-monophyletic and consequently Thelotremataceae was included in Graphidaceae as a synonym. [23] Graphidaceae also included subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae. [24] [25]

However, Kraichak et al. in 2018, [26] ranked Graphidales as a separate order based on a temporal approach, and accepted five families; Diploschistaceae, Fissurinaceae, Gomphillaceae, Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae. [27] [28] Wijayawardene et al. 2020 agreed but also added family Redonographaceae to the order, [2] Other authors have agreed on the use of reinstated order of Graphidales. [3] [29] [30] [31]

Description

Most species in the order are lichens which have a thallus (vegetative tissue) which is crustose and ascocarps (fruiting body) which are apothecioid (cup-shaped). [32] [33]

The Graphidaceae are mostly epiphytic lichens with trentepohlioid photobiont (i.e., filamentous, multicellular green algae from genus Trentepohlia ), [34] and graphidoid, distoseptate (forming a layer) ascospores. [35] [36]

Family Gomphillaceae was originally based on a single species, Gomphillus calycioides (Watson, 1929), which is an unusual taxon growing over bryophytes. [37]

It includes a common asexual fungus Lawreya glyphidiphila (Teratosphaeriaceae family) which is described as growing on lichenized fungi Glyphis scyphulifera (Graphidaceae family). [29]

Distribution

They are mainly found in warmer regions living on bark. [32] Genera in the order of Graphidales has been found worldwide, [38] from North America (including Florida, [29] [39] ), South America (including Venezuela, [40] Costa Rica, [41] and Guianas, [42] ), Africa (including Kenya, [43] and South Africa, [44] ), Asia (including China, [31] [45] Vietnam, [46] Sri Lanka, [47] India, [3] [48] and Thailand, [49] ) Australia, [50] [51] and also New Zealand. [5] [52]

Species of family Gomphillaceae are found in north-eastern Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba. [37]

Families and genera

This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Graphidales, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification. [2] Following the taxon name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and (for genera) the number or estimated number of species:

Diploschistaceae Zahlbr (1905)

Fissurinaceae (Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch) B.P. Hodk. (2012)

Gomphillaceae Walt. Watson (1984)

Graphidaceae Dumort. (1822)

Redonographaceae (Lücking, Tehler & Lumbsch) Lumbsch (2020)

Thelotremataceae Stizenb. (1862)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphidaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.

Gymnographopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Redonographaceae.

<i>Fissurina</i> Genus of fungi

Fissurina is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has about 160 species, most of which are found in tropical regions.

<i>Diorygma</i> Genus of lichens

Diorygma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Franz Gerhard Eschweiler in 1824. Species of the genus are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

<i>Acanthothecis</i> Genus of lichen

Acanthothecis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Frederick Edward Clements in 1909.

Chapsa is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1860.

<i>Acanthotrema</i> Genus of lichen

Acanthotrema is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by German lichenologist Andreas Frisch in 2006, with Acanthotrema brasilianum assigned as the type species. Acanthotrema species are commonly found in rainforests ranging from lowland to montane environments.

<i>Thelotrema</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Thelotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae, the family to which all taxa in the former Thelotremataceae now belong.

<i>Astrochapsa</i> Genus of lichens

Astrochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It has 28 species. The genus was circumscribed by Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch in 2012, with Astrochapsa astroidea assigned as the type species. It was segregated from the genus Chapsa, from which it differs in having a more frequently densely corticate thallus, an apothecial margin that is mostly recurved, and the almost exclusively subdistoseptate, non-amyloid ascospores.

Wirthiotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2010 by Eimy Rivas Plata, Klaus Kalb, Andreas Frisch, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch, with Wirthiotrema glaucopallens assigned as the type species. Wirthiotrema contains species that were formerly considered part of the Thelotrema glaucopallens species group. The genus name honours lichenologist Volkmar Wirth, "for his numerous outstanding contributions to lichenology".

Rhabdodiscus is a genus of script lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has 36 species.

Schizotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2009 by Armin Mangold and H. Thorsten Lumbsch.

Pseudochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 19 species. It was circumscribed in 2012 by Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, with Pseudochapsa dilatata as the type species. Pseudochapsa differs from Chapsa it that its excipulum is typically brown. Additionally, its ascospores are mostly discoseptate and amyloid. The generic name combines the Greek pseudo ("false") with the genus name Chapsa.

Cruentotrema is a genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species.

Clandestinotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 17 species. They typically inhabit montane and cloud forest at higher elevations in the tropics.

Topeliopsis acutispora is a species of crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is found in New South Wales and southern Queensland (Australia), where it grows on bryophytes.

Gintarasia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species, all of which are found in Australia. Gintarasia species are corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with a thelotremoid form.

Pycnotrema is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Its two species are characterised by their small, rounded apothecial pores.

<i>Glaucotrema</i> Genus of lichens

Glaucotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has five species.

References

  1. 1 2 Hazlinszky, F.A. 1884. A Magyar Birodalom Zuzmo-Flórája. Budapest: Kiadja A K. M. Temezsettüdományi tärsulat. v–viii + 1–304.
  2. 1 2 3 Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  3. 1 2 3 Biju, H.; Sabeena, A.; Nayaka, S. (2021). "New records of Graphidaceae (lichenized fungi) from the Western Ghats of Kerala state, India". Studies in Fungi. 6 (14): 213–223. doi: 10.5943/sif/6/1/14 . S2CID   245159359.
  4. ↑ Bessey, C.E (1907). "A synopsis of plant phyla". Nebraska University Studies. 7 (4): 275–373.
  5. 1 2 "Graphidales Bessey 1907 – Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  6. ↑ "Shroomers – Graphidales". www.shroomers.app. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  7. ↑ Aptroot, A.; Kärnefelt, I.; Tibell, L. (1994). "Caliciales, Graphidales, and Teloschistales". Ascomycete Systematics. Boston, MA.: Springer. pp. 393–396.
  8. ↑ Sherwood, M.A. (1977). "The Ostropalean fungi". Mycotaxon. 5 (1): 169.
  9. ↑ Winka, K.; Ahlberg, C.; Eriksson, O.E. (1998). "Are there lichenized Ostropales?". Lichenologist. 30 (4–5): 455–462. doi:10.1006/lich.1998.0142. S2CID   86821905.
  10. ↑ B. Hock (Editor) Fungal Associations (2013) , p. 202, at Google Books
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  12. ↑ Kalb, Klaus; Staiger, B.; Elix, John (January 2004). "A monograph of the lichen genus Diorygma – A first attempt". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 34: 133–181.
  13. ↑ Hibbett, David; Binder, M.; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul; Eriksson, Ove; Huhndorf, S.M.; James, Tanetta; Kirk, Paul M.; Lücking, Robert (November 2006). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5).
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  16. ↑ Baloch, Elisabeth; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, Thorsten; Wedin, Mats (October 2010). "Major clades and phylogenetic relationships between lichenized and non‐lichenized lineages in Ostropales (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes)". Taxon. 59 (5): 1483–1494. doi:10.1002/tax.595013.
  17. ↑ Rivas Plata, E.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2011). "Parallel evolution and phenotypic disparity in lichenized fungi: a case study in the lichen-forming fungal family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (1): 45–63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.025. PMID   21605691.
  18. ↑ Rivas Plata, E.; Lumbsch, H.T.; Lücking, R. (2012). "A new classification for the lichen family Graphidaceae s. lat. (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales)". Fungal Diversity. 52: 107–121. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0135-8. S2CID   256067459.
  19. ↑ Lumbsch, H.T.; Huhndorf, S.M. (2010). "Myconet volume 14. Part one. Outline of Ascomycota—2009". Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 1: 1–42. doi:10.3158/1557.1. S2CID   86529508.
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  21. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Liu, J.K.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Ekanayaka, A.H.; Tian, Q.; Phookamsak, R. (2018). "Outline of Ascomycota: 2017". Fungal Diversity. 88: 167–263. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8. S2CID   256066125.
  22. ↑ Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Schmitt, Imke; Palice, Zdenek; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Ekman, Stefan; Wedin, Mats (June 2004). "Supraordinal phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes based on a Bayesian analysis of combined nuclear and mitochondrial sequences". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31 (3): 822–32. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.001. PMID   15120381.
  23. ↑ Mangold, A.; Martín, M.P.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny suggests synonymy of Thelotremataceae within Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Taxon. 57: 476–486.
  24. ↑ Plata, Eimy Rivas; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Staiger, Bettina; Mangold, Armin; Frisch, Andreas; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Hernández, Jesús E. M.; Cáceres, Marcela E. S.; Kalb, Klaus; Sipman, Harrie J. M.; Common, Ralph S.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (23 April 2013). "A molecular phylogeny of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales) including 428 species". MycoKeys. 6: 55–94. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.6.3482 .
  25. ↑ Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. p. 141. ISBN   978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC   429208213.
  26. ↑ Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 188: 233–249. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060.
  27. ↑ Huang, Jen-Pan; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2019). "Accelerated diversifications in three diverse families of morphologically complex lichen-forming fungi link to major historical events". Sci. Rep. 9 (1): 8518. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.8518H. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44881-1. PMC   6599062 . PMID   31253825.
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  30. ↑ Xavier-Leite, Amanda Barreto; da Silva Cáceres, Marcel Eugenia; Aptroot, André; Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert; Goto, Bruno Tomio (March 2022). "Phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family Gomphillaceae (Ascomycota: Graphidales) suggests post-K–Pg boundary diversification and phylogenetic signal in asexual reproductive structures". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 168: 107380. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107380. PMID   34999241.
  31. 1 2 Jia, Ze-Feng; Li, Min; Fu, Yu-Ru; Pu, Jing (October–December 2021). "Notes on lichenized fungi of chroodiscoid Thelotremataceae from China". Mycotaxon. 136 (4): 831–840. doi: 10.5248/136.831 . S2CID   246928530.
  32. 1 2 Michael Allaby (Editor) A Dictionary of Plant Sciences (2012) , p. 224, at Google Books
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  36. ↑ Jaklitsch, W.M.; Gardiennet, A.; Voglmayr, H. (2016). "Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria". Persoonia – Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 37: 82‑105. doi:10.3767/003158516X690475. PMC   5238940 . PMID   28100927.
  37. 1 2 Xavier-Leite, Amanda Barreto; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva b; Aptroot, André; Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert; Goto, Bruno Tomio (March 2022). "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family Gomphillaceae (Ascomycota: Graphidales) suggests post-K–Pg boundary diversification and phylogenetic signal in asexual reproductive structures". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 168: 107380. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107380. PMID   34999241.
  38. ↑ "Graphidales". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  39. ↑ Seavey, F.; Seavey, J. (2011). "The lichen genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Everglades National Park (Florida)". The Bryologist. 114 (4): 764–784. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.764. S2CID   84133253.
  40. ↑ Neuwirth, Gerhard; Lücking, Robert (May 2009). "A new species of Graphis (Graphidaceae) from Venezuela". The Lichenologist. 41 (3): 271–274. doi:10.1017/S0024282909008354. S2CID   85864543.
  41. ↑ "Provisional determination keys for the Graphidales of Costa Rica" . Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  42. ↑ H.J.M. Sipman, (1994), New Graphidales (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Guianas and nearby areas. Studies on the flora of the Guianas no 79. Acta Bot. Fenn. 150: 165–172
  43. ↑ Kirika, P.; Mugambi, G.; Lücking, R; Lumbsch, H.T. (2012). "New records of lichen-forming fungi from Kenya". Journal of East African Natural History. 101: 73–98. doi:10.2982/028.101.0105. S2CID   83697926.
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  45. ↑ Xue Shu, Ke Wei. (2023). A new species of the lichen genus Diploschistes from China. 41. 1932-1940.
  46. ↑ Joshi, Santosh; Jayalal, Udeni; Oh, Soon-Ok; Nguyen, Thi Thuy; Dzung, Nguyen Anh; Hur, Jae-Seoun (July–September 2013). "The lichen genus Graphis from Vietnam". Mycotaxon. 125: 69–80. doi:10.5248/125.69.
  47. ↑ Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wijeyaratne, S. Chandrani; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Plata, Eimy Rivas; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "Six new species of Graphidaceae from Sri Lanka". The Bryologist. 115 (1). The American Bryological and Lichenological Society: 74–83. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-115.1.74. S2CID   86732398.
  48. ↑ Singh, P.; Singh, K.P. (2020). "New combinations and synonyms in Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from India". Lichenologist. 52 (3): 251–256. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000043. S2CID   225946151.
  49. ↑ Papong, Khwanruan Butsatorn; Mangold, Armin; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (19 December 2014). "New species and new records of thelotremoid Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Thailand". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 232. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.16.
  50. ↑ Lumbsch, H.T.; Mangold, A.; Martín, M.P.; Elix, J.A. (2008). "Species recognition and phylogeny of Thelotrema species in Australia (Ostropales, Ascomycota)". Australian Systematic Botany. 21 (3): 217–227. doi:10.1071/SB07049. hdl: 1885/39183 . S2CID   86591896.
  51. ↑ Archer, A.W. (2009). "Graphidaceae". Flora of Australia. 57: 84–194.
  52. ↑ David J. Galloway Checklist of New Zealand Lichens, (DSIR Land Resources, 1992) , p. 17, at Google Books
  53. ↑ Guterres, Debora Cervieri; dos Santos, Maria do Desterro Mendes; Fernandes da Silva, Rildo Alexandre; Souza, Erica Santos do Carmo; Soares, William Rosa Oliveira; Pinho, Danilo Batista (9 June 2020). "Cladosterigma: an enigmatic fungus, previously considered a basidiomycete, now revealed as an ascomycete member of the Gomphillaceae". Mycologia. 112 (4): 829–846. doi:10.1080/00275514.2020.1781501. PMID   32684107. S2CID   220655235.
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