Graphidaceae

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Graphidaceae
Graphis desquamescens - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Graphis desquamescens
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Family: Graphidaceae
Dumort. (1822)
Type genus
Graphis
Adans. (1763)
Subfamilies
  • Fissurinoideae
  • Graphidoideae
Synonyms [1] [2] [3]

The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. [4] Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark. [5]

Contents

Taxonomy

Graphidaceae was originally proposed by French botanist Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1822 (as "Graphineae"). Graphis , Opegrapha , and Arthonia were included in the new family. [6]

In 2002, German lichenologist Bettina Staiger revised the Graphidaceae family in a monograph, proposing a new classification of genera that was widely accepted until molecular phylogenetic studies led to a further reorganization of the family. [7]

Two subfamilies are recognized in the Graphidaceae: [5]

Subfamily Redonographoideae, proposed by Lücking and colleagues in 2013, [8] has since been promoted to familial status (as the monogeneric family Redonographaceae). [9]

Synonymy

The family Thelotremataceae was placed in synonymy with Graphidaceae in 2008, after molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the families formed several lineages within one strongly supported monophyletic lineage. This study also showed that many genera in Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were paraphyletic or polyphyletic. [10] In 2018, [11] Kraichak and colleagues, using a "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks, proposed removing Fissurina from the Graphidaceae and instead as placing it as the type genus of Fissurinaceae, a family originally proposed by Brendan P. Hodkinson in 2012. [12] They similarly suggested recognizing Diploschistaceae and Thelotremataceae as independent families. This taxonomic proposal was rejected by Robert Lücking in a critical 2019 review of the temporal method for the classification of lichen-forming fungi, using these specific examples to highlight several drawbacks of this approach. He noted "there is substantial loss of information content in this alternative classification at the second most important rank, the level of family, and such a revised classification is practically meaningless. It makes more sense to apply such essentially phylogenetic classifications, with less information content, to infraranks, such as subfamily or tribe". [3]

Description

Closeup of the lirellae of Acanthothecis abaphoides Acanthothecis abaphoides 150671.jpg
Closeup of the lirellae of Acanthothecis abaphoides

The photosynthetic partner ( photobiont ) of Graphidaceae fungi is typically green algae from the genus Trentepohlia , or very rarely Trebouxia . The lichen thallus is typically crustose, which means it forms a crust-like structure on the substrate it grows on. The form of the ascomata of Graphidaceae are usually apothecioid (cup-shaped), lirellate (narrow, and slit-like) or perithecioid (round or oval-shaped structure and embedded in the substrate), but can be rarely mazaediate (with a powdery mass of ascospores and paraphyses formed by the disintegration of the asci). They are usually zeorine (with both a thalline exciple and a proper exciple ), but are sometimes lecideine (without a thallus margin) or lecanorine (surrounded by a pale thalline margin). The hamathecium , which is the hyphae and tissue that between the asci, consists of usually unbranched, sometimes capitate , rarely branched and anastomosing paraphyses. In some lineages, the paraphyses may be apically spinulose (covered with small spines or projections at the tips), and there may be lateral priphysoids in some lineages. The asci are annelasceous , which means they have a ring structure protruding into the lumen and with an apical tholus . They are non-amyloid or amyloid in some lineages, such as in the genus Diorygma . The asci are clavate to oblong or fusiform in shape. [5]

The ascospores of Graphidaceae number primarily 8 per ascus but can often be reduced to 2–4 or 1 per ascus. They are transversely septate to muriform (elongated and divided into multiple compartments by transverse and longitudinal septa), usually ellipsoid to oblong, and often have endospore forming distosepta and lens-shaped to rounded lumina. This particular set of features is known as "graphidoid". The spores can be hyaline (colourless) to (dark) brown, and the endospore is often amyloid. Graphidaceae also have pycnidia for producing conidia, which are non-septate, usually oblong, and hyaline. [5]

Distribution and ecology

The vast majority of Graphidaceae species are restricted to the tropics. Most Graphidaceae species are epiphytic (i.e. they grow only on plants). [8] Forty-two species are known from the Galápagos Islands, where they are among the most diverse of the crustose lichens there. [13] Mexico is thought to be a biodiversity hotspot of undiscovered Graphidaceae species, with about 430 species predicted to occur in tropical regions, [14] compared to less than 200 recorded in the entire country. [15]

Genera

According to the Catalogue of Life, there are 94 genera and more than 2100 species in Graphidaceae. [4] In terms of number of species, Graphidaceae is the second-largest family of lichen-forming fungi, after the Parmeliaceae (2765 species) and ahead of the Verrucariaceae (943 species). [2] The following list gives the genus name, its taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species:

Diorygma antillarum Diorygma antillarum - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
Diorygma antillarum
Dyplolabia afzelii Dyplolabia afzelii - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
Dyplolabia afzelii
Fissurina insidiosa Fissurina insidiosa - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Fissurina insidiosa
Phaeographina obfirmata Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.21.11986) Figure 5B.jpg
Phaeographina obfirmata
Sarcographa glyphiza Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.21.11986) Figure 2D.jpg
Sarcographa glyphiza
Platythecium hypoleptum Thalloloma hypoleptum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Platythecium hypoleptum
Thecaria quassicola Thecaria quassicola - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
Thecaria quassicola

Related Research Articles

<i>Fissurina</i> Genus of fungi

Fissurina is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has about 160 species, most of which are found in tropical regions.

<i>Diorygma</i> Genus of lichens

Diorygma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Franz Gerhard Eschweiler in 1824. Species of the genus are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

<i>Acanthotrema</i> Genus of lichen

Acanthotrema is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by German lichenologist Andreas Frisch in 2006, with Acanthotrema brasilianum assigned as the type species. Acanthotrema species are commonly found in rainforests ranging from lowland to montane environments.

Helge Thorsten Lumbsch is a German-born lichenologist living in the United States. His research interests include the phylogeny, taxonomy, and phylogeography of lichen-forming fungi; lichen diversity; lichen chemistry and chemotaxonomy. He is the Associate Curator and Head of Cryptogams and Chair of the Department of Botany at the Field Museum of Natural History.

<i>Astrochapsa</i> Genus of lichens

Astrochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It has 28 species. The genus was circumscribed by Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch in 2012, with Astrochapsa astroidea assigned as the type species. It was segregated from the genus Chapsa, from which it differs in having a more frequently densely corticate thallus, an apothecial margin that is mostly recurved, and the almost exclusively subdistoseptate, non-amyloid ascospores.

Wirthiotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2010 by Eimy Rivas Plata, Klaus Kalb, Andreas Frisch, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch, with Wirthiotrema glaucopallens assigned as the type species. Wirthiotrema contains species that were formerly considered part of the Thelotrema glaucopallens species group. The genus name honours lichenologist Volkmar Wirth, "for his numerous outstanding contributions to lichenology".

Rhabdodiscus is a genus of script lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has 36 species.

Schizotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2009 by Armin Mangold and H. Thorsten Lumbsch.

Pseudochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 19 species. It was circumscribed in 2012 by Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, with Pseudochapsa dilatata as the type species. Pseudochapsa differs from Chapsa it that its excipulum is typically brown. Additionally, its ascospores are mostly discoseptate and amyloid. The generic name combines the Greek pseudo ("false") with the genus name Chapsa.

Cruentotrema is a genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphidales</span> Order of lichen-forming fungi

Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Clandestinotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 17 species. They typically inhabit montane and cloud forest at higher elevations in the tropics.

Topeliopsis acutispora is a species of crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is found in New South Wales and southern Queensland (Australia), where it grows on bryophytes.

Gintarasia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species, all of which are found in Australia. Gintarasia species are corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with a thelotremoid form.

Compositrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has four species. The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by lichenologists Eimy Rivas Plata, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, with C. cerebriforme assigned as the type species. The genus is distinguished by its unique, composite pseudostromatic ascomata, which sets it apart from the otherwise similar genus Stegobolus.

Pseudochapsa isidiifera is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Brazil, it was first formally described as a new species in 2009 by the lichenologists Andreas Frisch and Klaus Kalb, as a member of the genus Chapsa. The type specimen was collected by Kalb in 1980 in a rainforest along the Rio Negro, between 100 and 200 km upstream from Manaus. The species epithet isidiifera refers to the presence of isidia on the thallus. Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch transferred the taxon to the genus Pseudochapsa in 2012.

Pycnotrema is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Its two species are characterised by their small, rounded apothecial pores.

<i>Glaucotrema</i> Genus of lichens

Glaucotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has five species.

Corticorygma is a monotypic fungal genus in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It contains a single species, the corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen Corticorygma stellatum. This script lichen is found in the shaded understory of rainforests in the Brazilian states of Rondônia and Paraná.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Rivas Plata, Eimy; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2011). "A new classification for the family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales)". Fungal Diversity. 52 (1): 107–121. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0135-8.
  2. 1 2 Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. JSTOR   44250015.
  3. 1 2 Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in fungi (including lichens) and other organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. Bibcode:2019CRvPS..38..199L. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517.
  4. 1 2 "Graphidaceae". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. p. 141. ISBN   978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC   429208213.
  6. ↑ Dumortier, B.C.J. (1822). Commentationes botanicae [Botanical Commentaries] (in French). Vol. 1822. Tournay: C. Casterman-Dieu. pp. 69, 78.
  7. 1 2 3 Staiger; B. (2002). Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae: Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung[The lichen family Graphidaceae: studies towards a natural organization]. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). Vol. 85. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 98. ISBN   978-3-443-58064-3.
  8. 1 2 Lücking, Robert; Tehler, Anders; Bungartz, Frank; Rivas Plata, Eimy; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2013). "Journey from the west: did tropical Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) evolve from a saxicolous ancestor along the American Pacific Coast?". American Journal of Botany. 100 (5): 844–856. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200548. PMID   23594913.
  9. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456 [1102]. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  10. ↑ Mangold, Armin; Martín, María P.; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2008). "Molecular phylogeny suggests synonymy of Thelotremataceae within Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Taxon. 2 (2): 476–486. doi: 10.2307/25066016 . JSTOR   25066016.
  11. ↑ Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (3): 233–249. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060.
  12. ↑ Hodkinson, Brendan P. (2012). "An evolving phylogenetically based taxonomy of lichens and allied fungi" (PDF). Opuscula Philolichenum. 4: 4–10.
  13. ↑ Bungartz, Frank; Lücking, Robert; Aptroot, André (2010). "The family Graphidaceae (Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes) in the Galapagos Islands". Nova Hedwigia. 90 (1–2): 1–44. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2010/0090-0001.
  14. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Johnston, Mark K.; Aptroot, André; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Lendemer, James C.; Boonpragob, Kansri; et al. (2014). "One hundred and seventy-five new species of Graphidaceae: closing the gap or a drop in the bucket?" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 7–38. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.4.
  15. 1 2 Miranda-González, Ricardo; Lücking, Robert; Barcenas-Peña, Alejandrina; Ángeles Herrera-Campos, María de los (2020). "The new genus Jocatoa (Lecanoromycetes: Graphidaceae) and new insights into subfamily Redonographoideae". The Bryologist. 123 (2): 127–143. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-123.2.127.
  16. ↑ Clements, Frederic E. (1909). The Genera of Fungi (1 ed.). Minneapolis: H.W. Wilson Co. p. 59.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Frisch, A. (2006). The lichen family Thelotremataceae in Africa. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 92. p. 77. ISBN   978-3-443-58071-1.
  18. 1 2 3 Cáceres, Marcela; Aptroot, André; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Lücking, Robert (2014). "Remarkable diversity of the lichen family Graphidaceae in the Amazon rain forest of Rondônia, Brazil". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 87–136. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.8.
  19. ↑ Chevallier, F.F. (1824). Histoire des Graphidées, accompagné d'un tableau analytique des genres. Ouvrage renfermant des observations anatomiques et physiologiques sur ces végétaux (in French). Paris: Firmin Didot Père et fils. p. 16.
  20. ↑ Kalb, Klaus (2009). "New taxa and new records of thelotremoid Graphidaceae" (PDF). Herzogia. 22: 17–24.
  21. ↑ Kalb, K. (2004). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. II". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 301–329.
  22. 1 2 Medeiros, Ian D.; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Lücking, Robert; Mangold, Armin; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Assembling a taxonomic monograph of tribe Wirthiotremateae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae)". Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 9: 1–31. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-16.9.1.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Parnmen, Sittiporn; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "Phylogenetic classification at generic level in the absence of distinct phylogenetic patterns of phenotypical variation: a case study in Graphidaceae (Ascomycota)". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e51392. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751392P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051392 . PMC   3520900 . PMID   23251515.
  24. 1 2 Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Lücking, Robert; Parnmen, Sittiporn (2014). "Two new genera and twelve new species of Graphidaceae from Puerto Rico: a case for higher endemism of lichenized fungi in islands of the Caribbean?". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 186–203. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.14 .
  25. ↑ Massalongo, A.B. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni". Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze (in Italian). 5 (3): 247–276.
  26. ↑ Rivas Plata, Eimy; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Ocellularia clade (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae)". Taxon. 61 (6): 1161–1179. doi:10.1002/tax.616001.
  27. 1 2 3 Massalongo, A.B. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni". Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze (in Italian). 5: 313–337.
  28. ↑ Hyde, Kevin D.; Tennakoon, Danushka S.; Jeewon, Rajesh; Bhat, D. Jayarama; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Rossi, Walter; et al. (2019). "Fungal diversity notes 1036–1150: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 96 (1): 1–242. doi:10.1007/s13225-019-00429-2.
  29. ↑ Kalb, Klaus; Archer, Alan W.; Sutjaritturakan, Jutarat; Boonpragob, Kansri (2009). "New or otherwise interesting lichens V". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 99: 225–246.
  30. ↑ Norman, J.M. (1852). "Conatus praemissus redactionis novae generum nonnullorum Lichenum in organis fructificationes vel sporis fundatae" [Preliminary attempt at a new arrangement of certain genera of lichens based on fruiting bodies or spores]. Nytt Magazin for Naturvidenskapene [New Magazine for the Natural Sciences] (in Latin). 7: 213–252.
  31. ↑ Massalongo, A.B. (1854). Neagenea lichenum (in Latin). Tip. Ramanzini. pp. 1–10.
  32. ↑ Fée, A.L.A. (1824). Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales[Essay on cryptogams of exotic medicinal barks] (in French). pp. 35, 110.
  33. 1 2 Kraichak, Ekaphan; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2013). "Gintarasia and Xalocoa, two new genera to accommodate temperate to subtropical species in the predominantly tropical Graphidaceae (Ostropales, Ascomycota)". Australian Systematic Botany. 26 (6): 466. doi:10.1071/sb13038.
  34. ↑ Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Ocellularia clade (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae)". Taxon. 61 (6): 1161–1179. doi:10.1002/TAX.616001.
  35. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Rivas Plata, Eimy; Kalb, Klaus; Common, Ralph S.; Barcenas Peña, Alejandrina; Duya, Melizar V. (2011). "Halegrapha (Ascomycota: Graphidaceae), an enigmatic new genus of tropical lichenized fungi dedicated to Mason E. Hale Jr". The Lichenologist. 43 (4): 331–343. doi:10.1017/s0024282911000302.
  36. ↑ Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lücking, Robert; Plata, Eimy Rivas; Mbatchou, Joelle S. (2010). "Heiomasia, a new genus in the lichen-forming family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales) with disjunct distribution in Southeastern North America and Southeast Asia". The Bryologist. 113 (4): 742–751. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.4.742.
  37. ↑ Lücking, R. (2007). "Kalbographa: Monografie einer unerkannten Flechtengattung" [Kalbographa: Monograph of an unrecognised lichen lenus]. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). 96: 185–192.
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  39. ↑ Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Rivas Plata, Eimy; Lücking, Robert (2012). "Malmographina, a new genus for Graphina malmei (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae)". The Lichenologist. 44 (1): 115–120. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000697.
  40. ↑ Lücking, R.; Sittiporn Parnmen, H.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "Mangoldia, a new lichen genus in the family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Phytotaxa. 69. doi:10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.69.1.1.
  41. ↑ Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae" [Systematic overview of the lichens of New Zealand]. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 2 (1): 93.
  42. ↑ Mangold, A.; Martín, M.P.; Kalb, K.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2008). "Molecular data show that Topeliopsis (Ascomycota, Thelotremataceae) is polyphyletic". The Lichenologist. 40 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1017/S0024282908007366.
  43. ↑ Frisch, A.; Kalb, K. (2006). "A monograph of Thelotremataceae with a complex structure of the columella". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 92: 371–516 [382].
  44. ↑ Parnmen, Sittiporn; Cáceres, Marcela E.S.; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2013). "Myriochapsa and Nitidochapsa, two new genera in Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales) for chroodiscoid species in the Ocellularia clade". The Bryologist. 116 (2): 127–133. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-116.2.127.
  45. ↑ Tibell, L. (1984). "A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Caliciales". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 79: 597–713 [672].
  46. ↑ Meyer, G. (1825). Nebenstudien meiner Beschäftigungen im Gebiete der Pflanzenkunde (in German). p. 327.
  47. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Chaves, José Luis; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Umaña, Loengrin; Aptroot, André (2008). "A first assessment of the ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: The genus Graphis, with notes on the genus Hemithecium (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae)". Fieldiana Botany. 46: 1–126. doi:10.3158/0015-0746(2008)46[1:afaott]2.0.co;2.
  48. ↑ Müller, J. (1882). "Lichenologische Beiträge. XV". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 65 (25): 397–402.
  49. ↑ Aptroot, André; Diederich, Paul; Sérusiaux, Emmanuel; Sipman, Harrie J.M. (1997). Lichens and lichenicolous fungi from New Guinea. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 64. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 129. ISBN   978-3-443-58043-8.
  50. ↑ Müller, J. (1887). "Graphideae Féeanae". Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève (in Latin). 29 (8): 1–80 [10].
  51. ↑ Fée, A. (1874). "Materiaux pour une flore lichenologique du Bresil, II: Les Graphidées". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. 21: 21–32. doi: 10.1080/00378941.1874.10827705 .
  52. ↑ Clemente y Rubio, S.R. (1807). Ensayo sobre las variedades de la vid comun que vegetan en Andalucia. Vol. 1.
  53. 1 2 Kantvilas, Gintaras; Vězda, Antonín (2000). "Studies on the lichen family Thelotremataceae in Tasmania. The genus Chroodiscus and its relatives". The Lichenologist. 32 (4): 325–357. doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0274.
  54. ↑ Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, T. (2012). "A new classification for the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales)". Fungal Diversity. 52 (1): 107–121. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0135-8.
  55. ↑ Kalb, Klaus (2001). "The lichen genus Topeliopsis in Australia and remarks on Australian Thelotremataceae". Mycotaxon. 79: 319–328.
  56. ↑ Vainio, Edvard A. (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum III" [Lichens of the Philippine Islands III]. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae (in Latin). 15 (6): 184.
  57. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Mangold, Armin; Rivas Plata, Eimy; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2015). "Morphology-based phylogenetic binning to assess a taxonomic challenge: a case study in Graphidaceae (Ascomycota) requires a new generic name for the widespread Leptotrema wightii". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 179 (3): 436–443. doi: 10.1111/boj.12327 .
  58. ↑ Mangold, A.; Elix, J.A.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2009). "Thelotremataceae". Flora of Australia. Vol. 57. Australian Biological Resources Study/CSIRO Publishing. pp. 653–659. ISBN   978-0-643-09664-6.
  59. ↑ Trevisan de Saint-Léon, V. (1853). Spighe e Paglie. Scritti Botanici Varj. Vol. 1. p. 13.
  60. ↑ Nylander, W. (1865). "Lecideae quaedam europaeae novae" [Some new European Lecideae]. Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 48: 3–7.
  61. ↑ Rivas Plata, Eimy; Kalb, Klaus; Frisch, Andreas (2010). "Wirthiotrema: a new genus for the Thelotrema glaucopallens group (Ascomycota: Ostropales: thelotremoid Graphidaceae)". The Lichenologist. 42 (2): 197–202. doi:10.1017/s0024282909990454.
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