Mangoldia

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Mangoldia
Mangoldia bylii.png
Mangoldia bylii; scale bar = 1 mm
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Family: Graphidaceae
Genus: Mangoldia
Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012)
Type species
Mangoldia australiana
Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012)
Species

M. australiana
M. bylii
M. lecideicarpa
M. thallolomoides

Contents

Mangoldia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. [1] [2] It contains four species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) script lichens.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by the lichenologists Robert Lücking, Sittiporn Parnmen, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch. It was made to hold two Australian species that have Phaeographis -like ascomata (fruiting bodies) but Graphis -like ascospores . The genus name honours Armin Mangold, "for his outstanding contribution to the knowledge of thelotremoid Graphidaceae in Australia". [3]

Mangoldia is in the tribe Graphideae, subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. Mangoldia has a sister taxon relationship with genus Allographa . [4]

Description

The thallus of the Mangoldia species is corticolous, meaning it primarily grows on the bark of trees. It is continuous and partly endoperidermal, indicating that part of the thallus grows beneath the outer bark layer. The surface of the thallus is uneven and white. When observed in cross-section, it features a very thin, corticiform (bark-like) layer and an irregular layer containing algal cells that are essential for photosynthesis. [3]

Apothecia (fruiting bodies) emerge from the thallus and are angular to lirelliform (slit-shaped). The disc of the apothecia is exposed and ranges in colour from blackish brown to black, without any powdery or waxy covering ( epruinose ). The thalline margin around the disc is thin, white, and may be fissured to lobulated. The proper margin , which is distinct from the thalline margin, is thin, stands out prominently, and is black. In a cross-section, this margin appears very thin and consists of densely packed fungal cells ( prosoplectenchymatous ), which are pale yellowish to brownish on the outer parts. There are no periphysoid s (hair-like structures) present. [3]

The hymenium (the spore-bearing layer) does not contain interspersed particles, and the paraphyses (sterile filaments within the hymenium) are unbranched. The ascospores , which are spores produced within the asci (spore-producing cells), number 4 to 8 per ascus. They are muriform (divided by both transverse and longitudinal septa), ellipsoid in shape, and have thickened septa that stain violet-blue with iodine, with rounded internal spaces ( lumina ) and are colourless. No chemical substances were detected in this genus when tested with thin-layer chromatography, suggesting a lack of distinctive secondary metabolites typically used for identifying and classifying lichens. [3]

Species

Mangoldia has four species:

Mangoldia atronitens(A.W.Archer) Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012), one of the original Australian species originally included in the genus, was shown to differ from Mangoldia bylii by only minute differences in spore size, and so Ian Medeiros and François Lutzoni treated them to be synonymous in a 2022 publication, further noting that "previously unrecognized presence of this genus in South Africa highlights biogeographical connections between southern Africa and Australasia". [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphidaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.

<i>Nadvornikia</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Nadvornikia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Species in the genus are corticolous (bark-dwelling) and crustose.

Aderkomyces thailandicus is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Gomphillaceae. Found in the lower montane rainforests of Thailand, it was described as new to science in 2011.

Graphis marusae is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is found in a relict tropical lowland rainforest in Veracruz, Mexico, growing in exposed understory.

Myriochapsa is a genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens in the subfamily Graphidoidae of the family Graphidaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Marcela Cáceres, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch, with the Brazilian Myriochapsa psoromica assigned as the type species. The generic name combines Myriotrema and Chapsa, referring to the two Graphidaceae genera that it resembles. The main distinguishing characteristics of the new genus are its densely corticate thallus, and the presence of the lichen product psoromic acid. Additionally, its apothecia have wider pores, with differently textured margins. Although originally created as a monotypic genus, Harrie Sipman added two South American species in 2014.

Clandestinotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 17 species. They typically inhabit montane and cloud forest at higher elevations in the tropics.

Asteristion is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species. Previously considered a synonym of either Phaeotrema or Thelotrema, molecular evidence led to its resurrection as a distinct genus. Asteristion lichens are corticolous (bark-dwelling), featuring a continuous thallus with a loose to hardened cortex and a photobiont layer containing calcium oxalate crystals. The ascomata, or fruiting bodies, are characterized by their large, often chroodiscoid appearance and the presence of distinct periphysoids. The secondary chemistry of these lichens includes major concentrations of stictic acid and minor to trace amounts of associated substances.

Xalocoa is a single-species fungal genus in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by lichenologists Ekaphan Kraichak, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch. It contains Xalocoa ocellata, a corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen that was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1831.

Gintarasia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species, all of which are found in Australia. Gintarasia species are corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with a thelotremoid form.

Cruentotrema amazonum is a little-known species of script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is found in Brazil, Thailand, and Vietnam, where it grows in the understory of primary rainforests.

Clandestinotrema portoricense is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was described as a new species in 2014. It is characterised by its white, slightly shiny thallus that can span several centimetres in diameter, and its rounded ascomata that are immersed in the thallus. Unlike most of its genus counterparts, C. portoricense possesses septated (partitioned) spores and a carbonised (blackened) excipulum and columella, effectively distinguishing it from similar species.

Ocellularia portoricensis is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It was discovered in Puerto Rico, where it grows on tree trunks within shadowy understories of specific forests. This organism is distinct from other related lichens by its unique characteristics such as a white medulla and relatively larger, brown-tinted ascospores.

Allographa anguilliradians is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It has been found in Trinidad and Tobago and Central-West Brazil. Its thallus covers an area of 3 to 7 cm in diameter with a slim profile and a variable surface texture, with a distinct metallic pale grey-olive colour without a prothallus. Its reproductive structures, known as lirellae, form a star-like pattern with black, carbonised outer layers and clear, colourless hymenium, while its ascospores are oblong and segmented, reacting violet-blue to iodine-based stains.

Ocellularia vizcayensis is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is known from a single collection made in Luzon, Philippines. The lichen thallus is a white, irregularly structured, areolate surface with a layer that includes a photosynthetic partner, both containing large calcium oxalate crystals. Its fruiting bodies are either embedded or protruding, round, with very narrow openings, and contain large, oblong, colorless spores that turn violet-blue when stained with iodine.

Nitidochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has five species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.

<i>Glaucotrema</i> Genus of lichens

Glaucotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has five species.

Crutarndina is a monotypic fungal genus in the family Graphidaceae. It contains the single species Crutarndina petractoides, a corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen.

Pseudotopeliopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has two species.

Byssotrema is a monotypic fungal genus in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It contains the single species Byssotrema mirabile, a little-known corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen found only in Brazil.

Corticorygma is a monotypic fungal genus in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It contains a single species, the corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen Corticorygma stellatum. This script lichen is found in the shaded understory of rainforests in the Brazilian states of Rondônia and Paraná.

References

  1. ↑ "Mangoldia". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  2. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [161]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl: 1854/LU-8754813 .
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Lücking, R.; Sittiporn Parnmen, H.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "Mangoldia, a new lichen genus in the family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Phytotaxa. 69. doi:10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.69.1.1.
  4. 1 2 3 Medeiros, Ian D.; Lutzoni, François (2022). "Contribution to a modern treatment of Graphidaceae biodiversity in South Africa: genera of tribe Graphideae with hyaline ascospores". The Lichenologist. 54 (5): 253–270. doi: 10.1017/S0024282922000263 .
  5. 1 2 Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2024). "New species, records and combinations of Graphidaceae (lichenized fungi) from Brazil". The Bryologist. 127 (1): 22–55. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-127.1.022.
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