| Crutarndina | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Graphidales |
| Family: | Graphidaceae |
| Genus: | Crutarndina Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012) |
| Species: | C. petractoides |
| Binomial name | |
| Crutarndina petractoides | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Crutarndina is a monotypic fungal genus in the family Graphidaceae. [2] It contains the single species Crutarndina petractoides, a corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen.
The sole species of Crutarndina was first formally described in 1995 by Per Magnus Jørgensen and Irwin Brodo, who originally classified it in the genus Thelotrema . [3] Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch circumscribed the genus Crutarndina in 2012 to contain the species after molecular phylogenetics analysis showed that it represented a unique lineage. [4]
The genus name Crutarndina honours the eminent British lichenologist Peter Crittenden from Nottingham, who assisted in collecting the type material during a field excursion organized by the British Lichen Society. The surname Crittenden originates from Old British and Welsh, translating to "the cot on the lower hill," combining "cru" (cot), "tarn" (lower), and "dun" or "din" (hill). [4]
Crutarndina is distinguished from the closely related genus Thelotrema primarily by its unique apothecial structure. In Crutarndina, the fruiting bodies (apothecia) have star-like, multi-layered margins, which differ significantly from those observed in Thelotrema. The thallus, or body, of Crutarndina lichens lacks a cortex , meaning it does not have a protective outer layer. The apothecia are erumpent , meaning they break through the thallus surface as they develop, and they are generally rounded in shape. The central disc of the apothecia is largely hidden by the surrounding exciple . This exciple is strikingly star-like and has multiple layers, adding to the distinct appearance of the lichen. [4]
The exciple varies in composition, being hyaline (transparent) at the base but becoming carbonised (turning to a black, carbon-rich compound) towards the top. The ascospores , which are the reproductive spores formed in the asci (spore-producing cells), are fusiform (spindle-shaped) and transversely septate, meaning they have multiple cross walls (septa). These walls are thickened, and the spaces between them are lens-shaped to rounded, a feature described as distoseptate . The spores are colourless and react positively to iodine staining (I+). Crutarndina does not produce secondary metabolites (lichen products). [4]
Crutarndina petractoides is predominantly found in oceanic regions, growing on the somewhat shaded, smooth bark of trees, especially Corylus (hazel) and Sorbus (rowan). While it may occasionally colonise other broadleaved trees, it primarily grows in the sheltered woodlands and boggy areas of temperate rainforests. The species is locally abundant in Western Scotland and Western and Southwestern Ireland. It is, however, very rare in North Wales and Cumbria. [5]
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.
Astrochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It has 28 species. The genus was circumscribed by Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch in 2012, with Astrochapsa astroidea assigned as the type species. It was segregated from the genus Chapsa, from which it differs in having a more frequently densely corticate thallus, an apothecial margin that is mostly recurved, and the almost exclusively subdistoseptate, non-amyloid ascospores.
Pseudochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 19 species. It was circumscribed in 2012 by Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, with Pseudochapsa dilatata as the type species. Pseudochapsa differs from Chapsa it that its excipulum is typically brown. Additionally, its ascospores are mostly discoseptate and amyloid. The generic name combines the Greek pseudo ("false") with the genus name Chapsa.
Cruentotrema is a genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species.
Myriochapsa is a genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens in the subfamily Graphidoidae of the family Graphidaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Marcela Cáceres, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch, with the Brazilian Myriochapsa psoromica assigned as the type species. The generic name combines Myriotrema and Chapsa, referring to the two Graphidaceae genera that it resembles. The main distinguishing characteristics of the new genus are its densely corticate thallus, and the presence of the lichen product psoromic acid. Additionally, its apothecia have wider pores, with differently textured margins. Although originally created as a monotypic genus, Harrie Sipman added two South American species in 2014.
Pseudochapsa lueckingii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is known only from a single collection in São Paulo, Brazil.
Clandestinotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 17 species. They typically inhabit montane and cloud forest at higher elevations in the tropics.
Austrotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It is primarily found in the Australian-Southeast Asian region. The genus is characterized by small, pore-like apothecia with a double margin, faintly amyloid ascospores, and stictic acid chemistry. Austrotrema species grow on tree bark and have a continuous thallus with a cortex that is prosoplectenchymatous–featuring densely packed, filamentous fungal hyphae that run parallel to the surface of the lichen, creating a compact and firm texture. The genus is closely related to Thelotrema and Leucodecton, but can be distinguished from them based on molecular phylogenetic data, specific morphological traits, and its secondary chemistry. Currently, Austrotrema comprises three species.
Xalocoa is a single-species fungal genus in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by lichenologists Ekaphan Kraichak, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch. It contains Xalocoa ocellata, a corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen that was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1831.
Sanguinotrema is a single-species fungal genus in the family Graphidaceae, and subfamily Graphidoideae. It contains the species Sanguinotrema wightii, a mostly corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen. This species has a pantropical distribution.
Gintarasia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species, all of which are found in Australia. Gintarasia species are corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with a thelotremoid form.
Compositrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has four species. The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by lichenologists Eimy Rivas Plata, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, with C. cerebriforme assigned as the type species. The genus is distinguished by its unique, composite pseudostromatic ascomata, which sets it apart from the otherwise similar genus Stegobolus.
Pseudochapsa isidiifera is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Brazil, it was first formally described as a new species in 2009 by the lichenologists Andreas Frisch and Klaus Kalb, as a member of the genus Chapsa. The type specimen was collected by Kalb in 1980 in a rainforest along the Rio Negro, between 100 and 200 km upstream from Manaus. The species epithet isidiifera refers to the presence of isidia on the thallus. Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch transferred the taxon to the genus Pseudochapsa in 2012.
Nitidochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has five species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.
Pycnotrema is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Its two species are characterised by their small, rounded apothecial pores.
Glaucotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has five species.
Pseudotopeliopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has two species.
Mangoldia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It contains four species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) script lichens.
Melanotopelia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has four species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens. This genus includes species characterised by dark pigmentation in their exciple, non-amyloid ascospores, and specific secondary metabolites.
Corticorygma is a monotypic fungal genus in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It contains a single species, the corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen Corticorygma stellatum. This script lichen is found in the shaded understory of rainforests in the Brazilian states of Rondônia and Paraná.
