Gymnopilus junonius

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Gymnopilus junonius
Gymnopilus junonius-02.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hymenogastraceae
Genus: Gymnopilus
Species:
G. junonius
Binomial name
Gymnopilus junonius
(Fr.) P.D.Orton (1960)
Gymnopilus junonius.png
Approximate range of Gymnopilus junonius
Synonyms
  • Agaricus aureus Bull. (1782)
  • Agaricus junoniusFr. (1821)
  • Lepiota aurea Gray (1821)
  • Pholiota junonia(Fr.) P.Karst. (1879)
  • Pholiota grandis Rea (1903)
  • Pholiota spectabilis var. junonia(Fr.) J.E.Lange (1940)
  • Gymnopilus spectabilis var. junonius(Fr.) Kühner & Romagn. (1953)
Gymnopilus junonius
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg Cap is convex
Adnate gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate
Ring stipe icon.svg Stipe has a ring
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is reddish-brown
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

Gymnopilus junonius is a type of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Commonly known as the spectacular rustgill, this large orange mushroom is typically found growing on tree stumps, logs, or tree bases. It is found in Europe, Australasia and South America. It is inedible and contains some neurotoxins.

Contents

Description

The cap ranges from 5–30 cm (2–12 in) across, bun-shaped at first, [1] then is convex to flat; [2] it is bright yellow-orange in younger specimens and orange-brown or reddish brown in older ones, with a dry scaly surface. The flesh is yellow, the odor mild and taste bitter. [2] The stem is 5–25 cm (2–10 in) long, 1–5 cm thick, and often narrows near the base. [2] The frail ring is dusted with rusty orange spores, and the gill attachment to the stem is adnate to sub-decurrent. [2] It stains red with KOH and turns green when cooked. The spore print is rusty brown. [1]

Unlike psychoactive relatives in the Psilocybe genus, G. junonius lacks psilocybin and does not stain blue, but smaller specimens occasionally exhibit bruising. [3] This mushroom usually grows in clusters from several to several dozen individuals, but sometimes grows solitary. It is inedible due to its bitter taste. [4]

Similar species

This mushroom is often mistaken for Gymnopilus ventricosus , [4] which also contains no psilocybin, and G. luteus and G. subspectabilis, which do. [5] [ page needed ] It also resembles Armillaria mellea and Omphalotus olivascens . [2]

Distribution and habitat

Gymnopilus junonius is found in Europe, Australasia and South America. [6] [7] [8] It grows in dense clusters on stumps and logs of hardwoods and conifers. This mushroom is most common in moist, lowland wooded areas near rivers.

This species does not occur in North America, with similar mushrooms often being misidentified. [5]

Biochemistry

This mushroom contains bis-noryangonin and hispidin, which are structurally related to alpha-pyrones found in kava. [9] It also contains neurotoxins known as oligoisoprenoids, [10] such as gymnopilin.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 651. ISBN   978-0-593-31998-7.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 245–246. ISBN   978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC   797915861.
  3. ↑ Thorn, R. Greg; Malloch, David W.; Saar, Irja; Lamoureux, Yves; Nagasawa, Eiji; Redhead, Scott A.; Margaritescu, Simona; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (2020-04-24). "New species in the Gymnopilus junonius group (Basidiomycota: Agaricales)". Botany. 98 (6). Canadian Science Publishing: 293–315. doi:10.1139/cjb-2020-0006. ISSN   1916-2790.
  4. 1 2 Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. pp. 410–411. ISBN   978-0-89815-170-1.
  5. 1 2 "New species in the Gymnopilus junonius group (Basidiomycota: Agaricales)" (PDF). 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  6. ↑ "Big Laughing Jim/Scientific Name: Gymnopilus junonius (formerly G. spectabilis)". Missouri Department of Conservation (nature.mdc.mo.gov). Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  7. ↑ "Earth Notes: The Laughing Jim Mushroom". www.knau.org. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  8. ↑ "Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P. D. Orton - Spectacular Rustgill". www.first-nature.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  9. ↑ Hatfield, G.M.; Brady, L.R. (1969). "Occurrence of bis-noryangonin in Gymnopilus spectabilis". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 58 (10): 1298–1299. doi:10.1002/jps.2600581039. PMID   5388695.
  10. ↑ Tanaka, Masayasu; Hashimoto, Kimiko; Okunoa, Toshikatsu; Shirahama, Haruhisa (1993). "Neurotoxic oligoisoprenoids of the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus spectabilis". Phytochemistry. 34 (3): 661–664. Bibcode:1993PChem..34..661T. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85335-O.
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